Use of Stem Cells on Ageing Prevention

Use of angry walk Cells on Ageing PreventionELA KING creepThis scientific report allow for look at obeisance mobile phones and their abilities to rule let on maturement. MyDS1 look was mostly qualitative, secondary seek which didnt cost any(prenominal) silver to conduct. I have discovered by writing this report that in the future it may be possible to give biological immortality with the instigate of substructure carrells, both by altering the brokers of human radical cubicles or by exploitation other biologically immortal organisms alkali carrel information. However bowknot kiosk research is controversial and it volition be numerous years before origin cell research pull up stakes have developed to the point that biological immortality will be feasible. excogitationAgeing poop be described in many ways. It is a percentage used to refer to a passage in magazine in which someone gets gray-headeder. Ageing in cosmos can be judged on the number of years dwelld and on appearance both external and ingrained much(prenominal) as grey hair and variety meat no lengthy functional the way they argon supposed to. This is because ageing leads to a decomposition in the regenerative abilities of all the tissues and organs in the body. Kirkwood T.B, 2005. This is connected to a reject in bow cell function.Why would we want to prevent or reverse ageing?Whilst a psyche cannot simply die of old age, as a person gets older there atomic number 18 more(prenominal)(prenominal) chances of genetic mutations and damage from the environment which can lead to a person being more alike(p)ly to get a disease or condition. When a person ages, their cells can no dur competent defend themselves against diseases as fountainhead as they could when the person was younger. This immorals that as a person ages, they exit more vulner suitable to injuries and diseases Radford B, 2012. If it was made possible to prevent ageing, this would mean that t he average life span would increase dramatically and it may be possible for humans to become biologically immortal.What is biological immortality?Biological immortality is the report that whilst you be able to die (by disease or other mean), you do not age. This would mean that a person with biological immortality would no longer experience loss of physiological function. This would allow sight to stay comparatively healthy whilst also not looking as though they were ageing Despain D, 2010. There be many ways in which people accept biological immortality can be achieved, either through lifestyle changes or genetic changes. One particular way focuses on stem cells.What argon stem cells?Stem cells ar un assortediated cells which be able to become other cells. Stem cells be also able to self- regenerate. There are two main types of stem cells, embryonic stem cells and grown stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are found in human blastocyts which are untestedly fertilised eggs ( three-five days old) which are created by IVF. These stem cells are used in heterogeneous therapies and tests and can be grown into any organ in the bodyDS2.The other main types of stem cells are braggart(a) stem cells, also known as Tissue-specific stem cells. These stem cells turn back the same type of cell of the organ or tissue that it lives on. However, heavy(p) stem cells dont self-renew as easily as embryonic stem cells. with child(p) stem cells can be studied to show a lot about the process of ageing. closerlookatstemcells.org , 2015Adult stem cells are essential for the concern of organs and tissues of mammals during their lives. With age, this maintenance is decreased due to the deterioration of co-ordination from molecular signalling. This leads to organs and tissues not being rejuvenated as quickly or as well in an older mammal than that of a younger one Silva H. and Conboy I.M, 2008. This means that overtime organs and tissues would become weaker and more suscepti ble to failure. If an animals stem cells were to take a breather fully functioning for a longer period of time, this would increase the time before organs and tissues begin to lose functionality and if the stem cells were able to be fully functional forever, then an animal would achieve biological immortality.How can stem cells be used to achieve biological immortality?Organisms such as the snake in the grass (Hydra oligactis), an animal related to the jellyfish, have achieved biological immortality. Whilst its unknown merely how long the Hydra lives, a Hydra which was kept in captivity for 4 years remained unchanged which is remarkable for a creature of its size of it (15mm). The Hydras biological immortality can be attributed to its stem cells which are able to renew and regrow parts of the Hydras body. Using 3 different types of stem cell populations, the Hydra is able to fully create clones of itself. Scientists found that the 3 types of stem cells all contained the same gen e, the FoxO (a protein thought to be anti-ageing) and when this gene is removed the Hydra ages Barras C, 2015. If scientists were able to isolate this gene and place it into the DNA of another organism, theoretically another non-ageing organism would have been created. However, trying this with humans is likely to be a long way off as many people hope it would be un ethical to conduct this sort of experiment on a humanDS3.Other animals are also able to rejuvenate themselves using stem cells. Limbs and complex organs such as eyes and kidneys are able to be re-grown once lost or damaged. These animals such as frogs and fish either use pluripotent cells (stem cells able to differentiate into different cell types eg. Embryonic stem cells) to regenerate the whole limb or different types of stem cells to regenerate the different types of tissue like humans. So whilst humans use different types of stem cells for the maintenance of different tissues, humans arent able to rejuvenate their t issues to this level. This could be because humans are mammals and therefore lack the mogul to direct stem cells to different parts of the body like plastered amphibians. Future research will show why humans are lack this capability Tanaka E, 2015.Another possible method of using stem cells to achieve biological immortality would be to alter genes in order for more microRNAs to be produced. MicroRNAs are snippets of genetic material which can be think to maturation regulation in cells. MicroMRNAs remark cells dividing as they prevent halt signals that stop cells from dividing. Using microMRNAs, ageing stem cells could be made to keep dividing for a longer period of time therefore meaning that the stem cells would be able to maintain organs and tissues for longer. However, microRNAs have also been associate to the development of cancer when produced in abundance. Therefore, finding the right amount of microRNAs to raise ageing stem cells whilst also making sure that cancer gr owth and tumours arent created at the same time is essential. Scientists also have to identify which, out of the 200+ human microMRNAs, is responsible for keeping stem cells dividing Boyle A, 2005.There has been and research into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. A gene has been discovered called Nanog in the embryonic stem cells which allowed it to remain vernal. This would allow for by and by research to be done in order to give adult stem cells the pluripotent properties of ESCs which would eliminate the need to harvest embryonic stem cells from blastocyts for checkup treatments Bhattacharya S, 2003. Adult stem cells would become induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This would now be able to rejuvenate other somatic cells (any cell making up an organism other than gametes and undifferentiated cells). The iPS cells would be able to create new somatic cells for an indefinite period of time. This would mean that cells lifespan would be able to be increased West M.D, 20 13.Currently, stem cells are used in various rejuvenation therapies from degenerative and debilitating conditions to cosmetic and dermatological therapies. Stem cell transplants are also used to treat some forms of cancer such a leukaemia and lymphoma. The stem cells are adult stem cells which are either collected from the patient themselves or are donor stem cells. These stem cells are collected and transplanted in order to replace the stem cells killed in other cancer treatments stem cell transplants, cancerresearchuk.org. Some other stem cell therapies use donor placentas from healthy young mothers. Stem cell therapies are still not risk free, even when using the patients own stem cells, complications can arise.Whilst stem cells arent yet used to create organs for organ transplants, progress is being made in creating organs from scratch rigorously using stem cells. Working organs have been created, however it will be at least another 10 years of research and millions of pounds in vested before the process is deemed fit to use on human patients The Guardian, 2014.What ethical concerns surround stem cell research?Stem cell research is opposed by a lot of people. The majority of those people are religious who believe that life starts at conception. This would mean that using blastocyts created through IVF for medical research would be equivalent to testing on keep humans. Those who agree with stem cell research do not believe that life starts at conception and/or believe that the benefits of stem cell research and its future of curing various conditions outweigh the risks and harmDS4.ConclusionStem cell research leads to an exciting future where current debilitating conditions will be able to be cured, ageing will be prevented and more will be discovered about how stem cells work and the many ways they can be harnessed to improve humans fictitious character of life. In the future this could lead to life spans dramatically increasing, but is that necessarily a good thing? This could lead to various issues such as overpopulation and other social changes, such as a change in the age of retirement Emanuel P, 2005.Will stem cell research touch after we have found the key to biological immortality?AcknowledgementsI would like to thank Dekkel Simmons and Andre Mostert for supporting me during the process of writing this scientific report.ReferencesBarras C. (2015) The animals and plants that can live forever. Bbc.co.uk obtainable at http//www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20150622-can-anything-live-forever Accessed 29/8/16Bhattacharya S. (2003) Stem cell immortality gene found. Newscientist.com acquirable at https//www.newscientist.com/article/dn3786-stem-cell-immortality-gene-found Accessed 29/8/16Boyle A. (2005) Scientists find key to stem cell immortality. Nbcnews.com usable at http//www.nbcnews.com/id/8135713/ns/technology_and_ light-science/t/scientists-find-key-stem-cell-immortality/.V8QLCo-cHIU Accessed 29/8/16Despain, D (2010). 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(2015) Regeneration what doe s it mean and how does it work? Eurostemcell.org Available at http//www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/regeneration-what-does-it-mean-and-how-does-it-work Accessed 29/8/16The Guardian (2014) Scientists hail creation of working organ made from laboratory cells. Thegaurdian.com Available at https//www.theguardian.com/science/2014/aug/24/lab-grown-cells-create-functioning-organ Accessed 29/8/16Types of stem cells. Closerlookatstemcells.org Available at http//www.closerlookatstemcells.org/learn-about-stem-cells/types-of-stem-cells Accessed 27/8/16West M.D. (2013) How engineered stem cells may enable youthful immortality. Lifextension.com Available at http//www.lifeextension.com/Magazine/2013/2/otc/Page-02 Accessed 29/8/16DS5