Young People In Malta Education Essay

IntroductionFor the bulk of immature people age group here please in Malta, the institutionalised and progressively standarised humanistic disciplines have perfectly no topographic point in their lives. Many have a negative position: the humanistic disciplines are seen as distant and institutional. Art galleries, museums and concert halls are ‘not for the like of us ‘[ 1 ]. Therefore if the NMFA wants immature people to love the museum, it must offer them some values that are of import to them, in activities that meet some of their demands, while besides go oning to supply the frequent visitants with what he or she already finds fulfilling and honoring. Young people are known for seeking topographic points to run into other immature people, and on an international degree, museums have become smart and safe locales to run into high-status persons Give names of the museums which are pulling such an audience Sociability, dating and networking are big parts of their visits. M any immature people want to take part in museums and other cultural organisations where did you acquire this resource from? . The thought of holding activities has spread fast in all the major and little museums worldwide please back this with a mention. These activities were ab initio held merely on Friday eventide, nevertheless mid-week activities are besides taking topographic point mention please. They offer a combination of music, lectures, arguments, one-off shows, manner, movies, nutrient and drink and through these they besides encourage rank give illustrations of which museums which undertake these events. Some museums have besides organized immature people consultative groups to raise financess for the purchase of art and other museum activities please give mention to which museums. Giving immature people a interest in a museum ‘s activities is a manner to advance engagement and creativeness, by offering them the chance to make exhibitions and programmes for illustra tion[ 2 ]. Finally these immature people will go members and givers as museum communities grow older. Please give mentions during this paragraph as it does sound like it is your sentiment and non based on research. The followers are a figure of instance surveies that have worked effectivelyaˆÂ ¦ etc, etc,2.1 National Portrait Gallery, LondonIntroduce the National portrayal Gallery and its success narratives or otherwise with a immature audience so travel on to a specific instance study/studies that you think is relevant to your capable – ATTRACTING A YOUNG AUDIENCE. Pleaser besides evaluate its relevancy and give your sentiment on why it worked or otherwise In 1993 the National Portrait Gallery in London proposed a programme that was intended to promote a diverse mix of immature people, the bulk of whom were non-visitors to the museum. On offer there was practical art and picture taking workshops inspired by the galleries lasting and impermanent exhibitions. The format of the picture taking workshop was to see the exhibition infinite, followed by a group treatment before the practical activities kicked off[ 3 ]. The participants were besides given a subdivision in the gallery in which their work was displayed mounted as a manner of advancing the educational programmes to wider gallery audiences, therefore promoting more participants in the workshops. The overall purpose was to show the galleries experience to immature people, by making a programme of activities that would stress the educational and challenge participants into better understanding the aggregation? , . It besides had enabled socialization, pleasance and amusement and besi des set uping a repute among instructors, young person workers, parents but more significantly immature people themselves[ 4 ]. This had to set? the National Portrait Gallery on the map, as a locale of involvement and relevancy. How were these workshops structured? What was different from the 1s held earlier and what madecthem attractive to a immature audience? In the paragraph that follows you move on to promotionaˆÂ ¦ why? For the range of the flow of your statement this does non keep. I would propose you foremost discourse the event, its strngths and failings and so travel on to discourse selling, etcaˆÂ ¦ The gallery had antecedently run activities for the 13-23 age group. These were recruited through mailing lists built up by interested gallery visitants. As a consequence, when activities were programmed the available infinites were filled by the boies and girls of frequent visitants. Obviously there was a high degree of parental encouragement, which can on occasion be a assorted approval, as immature people who are progressively seeking for their independency may be more receptive to prosecuting in an activity which they have chosen out of their free will. The first planned activitie s under the new programme were specifically targeted at groups contacted through young person services. The National Portrait Gallery was willing to join forces with young person groups and besides promote youth workers to advance the activities to interested persons[ 5 ]. In the summer months the National Portrait Gallery hosts the BP ( British Petroleum ) portrait award exhibition, an event designed t o foreground modern-day portrayal picture and the encourage the work of younger creative persons. In the first twelvemonth of the new immature people ‘s programmes the activities were extended to include 10 half twenty-four hours painting workshops and a two twenty-four hours picture taking workshop. The picture taking workshop was filled up while the picture was ill attended[ 6 ]– this is the positive result of the event – would associate it with the paragraph above. During an informal staff treatment a suggestion was made to include a circular in the following one-year school mailing. The circular was targeted at art instructors to show to pupils, ask foring names to be put frontward for a mailing list through which to publicize future art and picture taking activities. The consequence this generated was out of the blue positive and offered utile insight into how galleries might be marketed to immature people. It was the pick of these immature people to set their names down and be included in the list. By October the National Portrait Gallery had received over 400 names, with some schools returning a list of 20 names and reference while others merely two or three[ 7 ]. From now onwards you are discoursing a 2nd term of the programmeaˆÂ ¦ I would divide the gains/successes of the first session from those of the 2nd which should be progressively exponential When the gallery came to publicize the new programme of activities in the fall, the pe rsons who had expressed involvement were contacted straight by mail. This manner people were having first manus information instead than through instructors or parents. The response was once more impressive, with the sketch and imitation workshop and the three picture taking workshops oversubscribed in the first two hebdomads after the launch of the programmes. The most hearty thing of the ego subscribed mailing list was the mixture of people that appeared at the workshops. The common nexus between everyone was the enthusiasm for art, picture taking and design, together with the fact that merely a few had visited the museum. The policy of the instruction section of the National Portairt Gallery is to concentrate energies on supplying a face-to-face service for visitants, instead than interceding instruction experiences through the production of resource stuff. One direct benefit of the policy is that instruction work has a high public profile at the National Portrait Gallery and on any twenty-four hours a visitant is likely to meet groups and persons working in forepart of the images, engaged in activities such as drawing, public presentations or treatment, while more formal talks, movies and video showings and practical art Sessionss occur in the studio and talk suites. The section besides responds to a heavy demand for Sessionss in support of school course of studies runing from A degree to the National Curriculum. The heaviest demand comes from history instructors, for which the gallery provides a scope of both basic treatment Sessionss and more specialised activities on Tudor, Stuart and Victorian su bjects[ 8 ]. The National Portrait Gallery stresses the importance of the diverse peoples ‘ disablements. These non merely include those who are physically impaired, but besides immature people who are wholly or partly blind or deaf, immature people with speech damage, every bit good as those with moderate or terrible larning troubles, and those immature people who suffer from mental unwellness[ 9 ]. In developing services for such audiences with disablements, the National Portrait Gallery designed activities entirely for groups of handicapped visitants, orienting work to run into their demands and providing for moderate-sized groups, with the purpose of set uping and constructing a niche audience such as supplying negotiations and Tourss and workshops in mark linguistic communication[ 10 ]. These handicapped immature people, will merely bring forth a comparative little audience, but over clip that audience will be established and will desire to come back and be pro-actively involved with t he gallery in advancing and farther improving entree[ 11 ]. Please include the age bracket which you are discoursing. Does this age bracket coincide with the age bracket which you are research for the NFMA? An of import facet of the betterments made to the new 20th century galleries within the National Portrait Gallery was the inclusion of a touch trail for visually impaired people. This involved the choice and arrangement of 10 graven portrayals chosen for their varied scope of stuff and of technique and in the best tradition of the gallery, for their scope of Sitter. This promoted touching nevertheless this can merely be done while have oning cotton or latex baseball mitts. The trail is supplemented by 12 pictures selected for their graduated table and in writing daring and with entree aided by Braille labeling, big print usher, thermoform alleviation representations of the pictures and an audio-tape usher, all of which are available at the information desk[ 12 ]. The gallery besides offered sculpture workshops which begin with a circuit of the shows which introduce the participants to the gallery ‘s aggregation and so travel on to the geographic expedition of unfamiliar stuffs and work on new techniques. These events were promoted through disablement imperativeness and humanistic disciplines listings. However, the gallery besides promoted inside informations of events and workshops on local wireless. Noelle this is out of pointaˆÂ ¦ how does it associate to a immature audience? If it is an debut to the NPG educational programmes for a immature audience so it should travel at the beginning and as an debut to the instance surveyTate BritainRecognizing that museums and galleries have sometimes served to perpetuate exclusivity, the acquisition section at Tate sees art as a manner to analyze, challenge and transgress fanciful boundaries. One manner to make this is by acquiring immature people actively involved in gallery civilization[ 13 ]. Oky this is interesting – should you compare and contrast instance surveies? Why have you chosen Tate and NPG? It is better if you give the grounds why The Tate Gallery has been working with immature people beyond the schools sector since 1988, utilizing methods whereby immature people contribute to the programme and the establishment, through audience and peer-leadership. Is this different from NPG and V & A ; A? Originally established at Tate Liverpool in 1994, Young TateA is now the umbrella name for the young person programme across all four gallery sites, every bit good as a dedicated online infinite[ 14 ]. Although each of the four sites has a typical programme of activities and frequently a peculiar targeted audience focal point, developed through discreet local partnerships, Young Tate has devised a common set of purposes. This can it in really good with Heritage Malta ‘s corporate programmeaˆÂ ¦ what do you believe? These include long-run benefits for immature people who are already committed to ocular civilization, to pull in those who are non and to heighten the lives and career potency of all Young Tate partic ipants through deeper and more varied engagement in Tate and their local galleries. Equally good as create a infinite for the exchange of new thoughts in which immature people are consulted, have chances to take part in Tate ‘s cultural procedure and can take control of their acquisition and eventually to be inclusive and diverse both in programme content and in the immature people who participate in these programmes[ 15 ]. These were devised and agreed in 2006, through a series of meetings between the conservators from the different sites, pulling together their experiences of edifice, developing and measuring peer-led programmes over several old ages[ 16 ]. A programme called Tate Extra was established in 2001, with local authorities[ 17 ], to make chances during out of school hours for immature people. One of their key purposes was to better battle, motive and accomplishment through after hours ‘ activity, so there was a really direct nexus to formal instruction. The conservator worked with instructors drawn from schools in countries local to Tate Britain to enroll immature people who were already demoing marks of alienation towards the formal course of study, but who found art a topic they could associate to[ 18 ]. For Tate Britain the purpose was to convey more immature people into the galleries, for the gallery to react to the concerns and involvements of immature people and for them to derive entree to the gallery and the aggregation, in many instances for the first clip. After several old ages of running these one-year programmes, there was a clear demand to make a manner for these immature people to retain and develop their relationship with Tate. It merely became more and more evident that immature people were experiencing left out in the cold at the terminal of that undertaking. Tate had been successful plenty to develop a relationship with them that was independent from school and they wanted to go on it, and that ‘s when they started to believe about a peer-led programme[ 19 ]. This is non clearaˆÂ ¦ Tehre is Umbrella Tate ( ? ) so Tate Extra, Tate Forum and Raw CanvasaˆÂ ¦ can you present the wide image foremost and so discourse each programme in sequence? Is at that place a sequence? Apparently Raw Canvas was established before Tate Forum aˆÂ ¦ Therefore Tate Forum was set up in 2002 as a peer-led young person consultative group. At this pointA Raw Canvas[ 20 ], Tate Modern ‘s Young Tate group, was already established, ab initio enrolling most of its participants and audience through the web site. Many of them were art pupils, already involved in gallery-going and no longer in secondary instruction. In contrast, Tate Forum was aiming a somewhat younger and less confident audience, with an involvement in art but non a history of gallery attending. It was felt that working with schools would make a more socially and culturally diverse audience[ 21 ]. Youre back on Tate Forum now – Can you discourse each programme separately and in sequence? Tate Forum has developed over six old ages and now draws in immature people aged 13-25 through a scope of different events and undertakings, many straight targeted, others open to all immature people across London[ 22 ]. Other programmed drop-in activities and events are for a wide audience of immature Londoners, marketed through the Young Tate web site, e-bulletins, MySpace, local wireless musca volitanss, nine circulars, schools and colleges. The biggest one-year event, Loud Tate[ 23 ], one of three Saturday events sponsored by BP, attracted 2,500 immature people in 2007. Many of these immature people were sing the gallery for the first clip, drawn in by the promise of a free concert by DJs and Bands. The exciting thing about Loud Tate is the manner it involves immature people programming events across the gallery, transforming non merely the edifice but how one exists in and experiences that infinite: troubling for some, emancipating for others. Contributions such as loud music are perfectly valid originative activity and Tate Forum clearly feels ownership of both the infinite and the event. Bing a diverse group of immature people, necessarily they propose, and argue about, a varied scope of events and activities, exemplifying the world of democratic engagement in gallery civilization. Over the twelvemonth Tate Forum plans a figure of short, public events, programmed for immature audiences, including creative persons ‘ negotiations, originative art workshops and on-line undertakings. Devising, selling, running, documenting and measuring the undertakings is the duty of the immature people, in audience and with support from the Youth Curator and other relevant members of Tate staff[ 24 ]. The present Tate Forum construction consists of bi-weekly, two-hour eventide meetings throughout the twelvemonth when members meet and plan undertakings and events. There are a figure of recruitment events in spring, known as Taster Days, in add-on to the longer targeted undertakings. Attending two or more of these leads to an one-year twelve-session preparation class – in a hebdomadal, two-hour eventide slot over the summer – investing members into the assorted facets of the gallery including curating, selling, preservation, wellness and safety, visitant service s, art-handling and instruction[ 25 ]. Having completed this, members take an active portion in youth-programme development and production. Those over 16 are besides invited to go involved in other departmental events such as Late at Tate or Education Open Evenings, for which they are paid. Many of the original group of recruits joined through their engagement with GCSE Art, and ab initio the nexus between Tate Extra and developing GCSE coursework was rather expressed, so the group was mostly people interested and actively involved in art[ 26 ]. For these pupils Tate Forum offered the infinite to believe beyond the confines and conventions of art as a course of study topic, to develop and discourse thoughts with equals and to hold a broader apprehension of art ‘s signifiers and maps. One of the members Charlotte Allen please give age here of the Charlotte, who loves art but hated the manner it was taught in school provinces that: I ‘ve lost involvement in art in the schoolrooms. I do n't see why I have to be in a schoolroom to pull or make anything. Why do I hold to be regimented? Why do I hold to make what my instructor says when surely art is an opinionative topic? aˆÂ ¦ I see coming here as what I think art should be. It should n't be in the schoolro om – it should be in galleries, it should be outside aˆÂ ¦ That ‘s what I think is the job with art in schools. What is your idea on this quotation mark? Do you experience that many pupils of her age agree with this? From where did you acquire this? The nexus between Tate Forum and academic or calling chances is a complex, and non straight causal, one. But several members cited specific illustrations where an penetration into the establishment, the assurance built through being portion of the group, or the connexions and conversations with professionals had been important[ 27 ]. For case, through the young person programme ‘s connexion with University of the Arts London, Widening Participation enterprise and the National Arts Learning Network ( NALN ) , one or two Tate Forum members met and had informal treatments with coachs from colleges where they went on to do an application and finally derive a topographic point. The relationship works both ways: NALN sees Tate Forum as a theoretical account of good pattern and has employed members as pupil embassadors at events such as Portfolio Advice Day[ 28 ]. Making entree for immature people who do non hold a tradition of museum and gallery-going beyond school trips could be cha racterised as worthy, and can be classified as portion of the tradition of a ‘civilising ritual ‘[ 29 ], that is, museums act as public infinites where moral and societal betterment can be obtained.A2.3 The National GalleryTake One Picture[ 30 ]is the National Gallery ‘s nationwide strategy for primary schools. Each twelvemonth the Gallery focuses on one picture from the aggregation to animate cross-curricular work in primary schoolrooms. For 2008/2009 the focal point picture was on Renior ‘s Umbrellas and this saw more so two hundred schools submit their work[ 31 ]. This twelvemonth ‘s focal point picture is Tobias and the Angel by Andrea del Verrochio ‘s workshop. Take One Picture encourages pupils of all abilities because of the flexible and unfastened model[ 32 ]. Childs who are involved in category, whole school and national undertakings improve assurance in their ain work and enhances a sense of ownership for their national aggregation of pi ctures. During a one-day go oning professional development class at the Gallery, instructors are given a print of the picture. The challenge is so for schools to utilize the image imaginatively in the schoolroom, both as a stimulation for graphics but besides for work in more unexpected curriculum country. The National Gallery instruction section so displays a choice of the work on the one-year Take One Picture exhibition in the National Gallery. Over the old ages, the chosen images have been used by instructors in different ways. For illustration, a twelvemonth 6 instructor whose category was analyzing ‘A Midsummer Night ‘s Dream ‘ thought how this could be linked to Titian ‘s Bacchus and Ariadne through believing approximately charming and fabulous animals. These connexions were used to bring forth a videoA in which students from the school brush enigma and thaumaturgy in the forests environing their school[ 33 ]. Another instructor used Uccello ‘s picture in maths and created a Saint George and the Dragon serpents and ladders game. Another school planned to suspend the timetable for three yearss to concentrate on graphics across the course of study inspired by Titian ‘s Bacchus and Ariadne[ 34 ].A There is something ill-defined hereaˆÂ ¦ why are you discoursing kids when the range is to pull a immature audience? ? Please stipulate age bracket Take One Picture activities have a broad scope, and have included poesy, play, dance, sculpture, and even scientific discipline experiments and ICT[ 35 ]. The procedure of doing work collaboratively or separately can be really prosecuting for pupils. Teachers frequently remark on how ill-affected pupils have been motivated and stimulated by originative work.A After making the image, the following phase is to portion the work with a wider audience. Sharing gives pupils and instructors a opportunity to reflect on and to measure their work. This could include anything from demoing work to another category in the school, a school exhibition, a parents ‘ eventide or even a web site. One category performed their version of Saint George and the Dragon at a whole school assembly[ 36 ]. All Saints School in Hampshire published the pupils ‘ work on the school web site. A goupr of four schools from Swansea held a collaborative exhibition based on Canaletto ‘s The Stonemason â €˜s Yard for the whole community[ 37 ]. Traveling to the National Gallery to see their work, was a enormous experience for many of them, as they viewed their ain work next to that of Leonardo[ 38 ]. Same hereaˆÂ ¦ .The Courtauld GalleryArt history short classs and events are offered at The Courtauld Gallery through its Public Programme[ 39 ]for anyone with an involvement in art conditions they are immature people, schools, instructors, bookmans or the general populace. The purpose of these short classs, negotiations and events is to do The Courtauld Institute of Art ‘s scholarly expertness and the wealth of the Courtauld Gallery ‘s aggregation accessible to the wider populace. Courses and events are led by art historiographers and by experiences creative persons. In 2009 The Courtauld Gallery in coaction with the University of Arts, London organized a summer school and eventide classs viz. Inspiring Art History. Twenty-eight immature people from 11 schools and colleges across London aged 16 to 19 took portion in the advanced class which combined art history and life[ 40 ]. The participants explored art history research methods at the Courtauld and traveling images processes at the Graphic Design Department in Saint Martin ‘s College of Art and Design[ 41 ]. The class kicked off by sing the Gallery and the Universities, these were followed by art history talks, research and the opportunity to analyze the original plants of art in the aggregation, every bit good as larning the life techniques at Saint Martin ‘s. The undertaking was to work in braces or groups of three ‘s to take a work of art from the Courtauld aggregation and invent a short life movie that interprets an facet of its history. The life was designed for the new Animating Art History subdivision[ 42 ]for the Courtauld web site and is aimed at animating kids and instructors to research art and art history and see the Gallery. The Courtauld conservators helped them happen out more about the picture and they besides carried out research in the library and online. The development subject for the life had to concentrate on the technique used, the history or the creative person ‘s thought. The spoken text had to be simple, accurate and focussed. The clear academic message was to hold adequate substance to animate the audience to happen out more about art and history of art. A short text panel had to be written to depict why the work of art was chosen. It besides had to include facts about the creative persons, the stuff used, the day of the months of the work and historical information about society and civilization of the clip[ 43 ]. Participants made stop-frame life utilizing merely 12 digital stills inspired by something in the Courtauld Gallery. They took exposures on the courtyard of Someret House and used specializer package at Saint Martin ‘s to inspire them. They besides photographed the architecture of the Gallery[ 44 ]. All this research was conducted in groups together they tried out tonss of different techniques utilizing different cameras, pixilations and computing machines. At the terminal of the class they had to show their work in a screening event attended besides by the Heads of both Universities[ 45 ].The Sir John Soane MuseumThe Sir John Soane Musuem has late launched half- or full-day kids ‘s workshops in the school vacations which include October half term, Christmas holidays, February half term, Easter Holidays, June half term and the summer vacations. The purpose behind these workshops is to either develop a accomplishment or research Soane ‘s hoarded wealths with specialist counsel. The workshops are suited for kids aged 7+ and the cost is ?18 for a whole twenty-four hours or ?10 for half twenty-four hours[ 46 ]. The monetary value includes all the stuffs, nevertheless tiffin is non included and kids must acquire their ain. The activities are huge and are at times besides related to vacations such as Christmas. Christmas, All Wrapped Up, is one of the workshops were kids will be asked to do their ain printed Christmas wrapping paper by making stencils inspired by spiels in the Museum[ 47 ]. The Easter activity viz. Extraordinary Eggs, allows the kids to research the Museums to happen a form and pigment an egg with a Soane inspired design[ 48 ]. For the October half term the activities are based around Halloween, Shadowy Secrets at the Soane, where those taking portion make their ain traveling shadow marionettes to state shade narratives by lamplight in the Museum. On the other manus there are activities that are based on the museum such as Momentous Memorials, here the kids are inspired by Britannia, John Soane ‘s theoretical account of a colossal memorial that could hold been one of Britain ‘s greatest of all time constructions, nevertheless it was ne'er built! The thought of this workshop is to plan and construct your ain great monuments.A Another activity involves runing for Wyrd and fantastic caputs made of rock, clay or plaster know as Heads Galore! And the kids must so plan and do their ain particular caput from clay[ 49 ].2.6 The Victoria and Albert MuseumDesign for Life is a partnership undertaking which focuses on prosecuting immature people in originative design through the usage of museums. The undertaking is led by the V & A ; A with Action for Children[ 50 ]and five regional galleries and museums such as the Brighton, Birmingham and Manchester City Museums and Art Galleries. Design for Life is an action research undertaking which aims to place ways in which museums could back up immature people in developing their endowments and contribute to the originative economic system, both as manufacturers and informed consumers. In the initial pilot stage which was in 2008-09, it was known as Design Your Life and worked with over 300 immature people aged 11-18 from schools and community groups to research and prove a varied scope of design based larning programmes inspired by museum aggregations. TheA undertaking has merely now completed its 2nd twelvemonth and this twelvemonth ‘s subject was Recycled, embracing both the environment-friendly usage of stuffs and besides the ‘recycling ‘ of practical and ocular thoughts gained from museum objects[ 51 ]. Through the originative design procedure each individual re-imagined and individualized these thoughts to make a alone and typical merchandise. This twelvemonth the V & A ; A worked with two groups of immature people- 14 misss from twelvemonth 10 GCSE Product Design class at Eltham Hill Collage of Technology and a group of eight immature people aged 9-14 from the Action for Children Haringey Young Carers undertaking. At Eltham Hill, the brief was to do T-shirts frocks and make a fabric design inspired by the Museum. The misss created necklaces to complement the frock[ 52 ]. At the Museum they were inspired by manner designs by Mary Quant and pop art imagination. Two professional designers- in manner and jewelry visited the school to show their working procedures, aid pupils with their work and give feedback at the terminal of the undertaking. The misss developed their thoughts and created fabric designs with a combination of techniques including cut stencil with spray cloth pigments and iron-on transportation printing of digital images, the jewelry pieces were either dramatis personae in pewter from clay molds or cut from MDF ( Medium-density fibreboard )[ 53 ]. The concluding plants were exhibited at a manner show window event at the V & A ; A. The Haringey Young Carers attended three ‘meet a interior decorator and do ‘ yearss and a 4th show window event[ 54 ]. The first twenty-four hours was merchandise design with the V & A ; A ‘s so designer-in-resident Lao Jianhua where the immature people made lamp shades inspired by the Chinese and Nipponese galleries. The 2nd session was jewellery devising: forms cut in thin Cooper foil inspired by motives in the South Asiatic galleries. The 3rd was T-shirt picture inspired by forms and colorss from the glass gallery[ 55 ]. The concluding show window event was good attended by parents and the three interior decorators presented the immature people with certifications of accomplishment. From 26 April-8 June 2010 the V & A ; A hosted the national exhibition of immature people ‘s work with an attach toing immature people ‘s conference. Over the comingA twelvemonth the undertaking plans to develop a replicable design larning ‘package ‘ to enthuse immature people about originative design and its potency in their lives.A Online resources will be created and training/dissemination events will advance wider engagement by museums countrywide[ 56 ]. Friday Late is held on the lastA Friday in every month ( except December ) when the Museum is unfastened from 10.00 to 22.00 with events get downing at 18.30[ 57 ]. In the June edition of Friday Late visitants had the chance to research seven V & A ; A commissioned constructions located around the Museum. The infinites had been created particularly for the exhibition 1:1 – Architects Build Small Spaces[ 58 ]A by international designers at the head of experimental design. Highlights included a reading tower by Norse designers Rintala Eggertsson with shelves keeping over 6000 books and cocoon ‘reading ‘ booths, Terunobu Fujimori ‘s wooden retreat elevated on stilt-like legs in the Medieval & A ; Renaissance Galleries, plus Studio Mumbai ‘s series of narrow corridors and illumination infinites inspired by parasitic architecture in theA Cast Courts. The eventide ‘s focal point was on confidant infinites, architecture as an experience and an geographic expedition of the ways in which people could interact with architecture, both physically and emotionally. Particular public presentations took topographic point around the exhibition installings, every bit good as events and impermanent intercessions in the most unusual of the V & A ; A ‘s infinites. Visitors enjoyed exhibition designers Vazio S/A and Triptych Architects in conversation, took an disingenuous ocean trip into modernist architecture with showings of Graham Ellard & A ; Stephen Johnstone ‘s 16mm movie Machine on Black Ground and experienced a ‘musical pronunciamento ‘ talk from Helsinki-based designer, mind and instrumentalist, Tuomas Toivonen[ 59 ]. A bantam personal disco created by Post-Office, theater from The Factory, trade building workshops and a ‘woodshedding ‘ wind session were besides on offer. There was besides the c hance to run into V & A ; A artists-in-residence Aberrant Architecture, and see the alone show of their theoretical accounts and digital projections, to research the Museum ‘s far-out architectural inside informations and secret infinites with a V & A ; A archivist, every bit good as one-off male entree to the Museum ‘s late renovated ladies toilets designed by designers Glowacka Rennie with artist Felice Varini[ 60 ]. In add-on, there was out-of-hours entree to the Museum'sA Grace Kelly: Style IconA andA QuiltsA exhibition. Having had the chance to go to this edition of Friday Late, I can state that the crowd was wholly different from the day-to-day one. There were a batch of people below the 30 age bracket, most of whom, after traveling round the exhibits congregated at the entryway country of the V & A ; A where a unrecorded DJ and nutrient and drinks every bit good as cocktails were served all eventide. Some were standing or sitting as they socialised with their friends over a glass of vino. The V & A ; A besides offers a figure of activities based on diverse cultural backgrounds. These include a Black Heritage Programme[ 61 ]and a hebdomad dedicated to Refugees[ 62 ]. The Black Heritage Programme offers an exciting scope of particular events. These events include unrecorded wind to observe the work of the legendary musician Louis Armstrong, touring the galleries and exhibitions, larning more about societal militant Paul Robeson and his conflicts with the FBI, or pass an eventide researching Rastafarian narration of supplications, verse forms and listening to some vintage Jamdown sounds. There was besides an eventide of vocal and dance for households of all ages named Caribbean Liming Families Night. Here one could detect old and new dances, articulation in a parade having island sounds and larn to sing folk vocals. One could besides listen to narratives and narratives, make charming masks and dress up as a carnival character with a painted face and adorn an island backg round with shells from the Caribbean coast[ 63 ]. Refugee Week is a free event dedicated to refugee-made work and how it has contributed to the V & A ; A aggregations. The hebdomad long events consist of negotiations, Tourss, workshops and unrecorded public presentations. One of the activities during this twelvemonth ‘s Refugee hebdomad was Making Memories where 1 could do an graphics utilizing personal exposure, narrative relation and memories with the aid of textile creative person Natasha Kerr.A The participants had to convey personal household exposure and portion the narratives and memories attached to the images.A An exhibition about the development of comforters ( Quilts: 1700-2010 ) ran at the same time with Refugee hebdomad and served the participants with a farther beginning of inspiration. The participants so spent the afternoon working onA a creative activity of their ain, and left with the accomplishments and inspiration to go on makingA fantastic fabrics at place[ 64 ]. My V & A ; A is a circuit that sees the V & A ; A ‘s aggregations from a different position. It allows a refugee be the usher, taking those interested on a alone circuit of the Museum as objects in the galleries act as a springboard for their ain extremely personal narratives[ 65 ]. The V & A ; A ‘s Access, Social Inclusion and Community Development Team works difficult to stand for the involvements of cultural diverseness and equality across the museum. Their purpose has been to do the Sackler Centre[ 66 ]feel welcoming, attractive, relevant and prosecuting to the widest possible scope of people.A The new infinites has enable them to run exciting undertakings, promoting visitants from diverse backgrounds to research and prosecute with the aggregations in differentA ways and besides to make out farther to wider audiences beyond the walls utilizing the engineering that the new Centre will supply[ 67 ]. An advanced residence strategy has seen two studios in the Centre being used by creative persons, interior decorators and craftspeople interacting with the populace. The Access, Social Inclusion and Community Development Team have late organised a series of jewelry workshops with immature work forces who come from refuge and refugee communities. The immature work forces in these workshops originate from Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and Somalia and had ne'er made jewelry before[ 68 ].A TheyA were really acute to acquire involved with this extremely proficient and originative art signifier, utilizing the Indian aggregations in the Nehru Gallery as an inspiration.A The group worked with a professional jewelry maker who interacted good with the immature work forces and pitchedA workshops at the right degree in order to to the full prosecute with the participants[ 69 ].A It is expected that these immature people will go on to work with the V & A ; A across its many exciting and diverse programmes in the new Centre.

Equality of opportunity Essay

This essay deals with the topic equality of opportunity by analysing Tom McAfee’s short story This is My Living Room and the historical source Traditional American Values and Beliefs. This is My Living Room is analysed with a focus upon the â€Å"I† character and Traditional American Values and Beliefs is related to this analysis by supporting these conclusions with historical facts. This is My Living Room is about a redneck living in Pine Springs, Alabama, who is telling about his life and his family. The â€Å"I† character is a stereotypical redneck; he is Christian, he does not trust the law, he is independent, he love his guns etc. He might be intelligent, but he is very one-sided, his way is the only right way, so he does not let it show. He is very determined on his way of living and has a disturbed way of thinking. He is driven by a fearless and at times illogical view of his surroundings, which makes his determined character seem arrogant and violent. He only trusts himself, which makes his relationship towards his family peculiar: â€Å"your own flesh and blood, will try to run over you, stomp you, steal from you, kill you if they can† (This is My Living Room, paragraph 29). He is dominant and the only thing he cares about is his store. He is uneducated, but still he has managed to make a living for himself. The American value of equality of opportunity is basically an ethical rule; it is about fair play and giving everybody a chance. It is not in the meaning that everybody should be equal but more like a race. Everyone has an equal chance to enter and win. You do not have a better chance because your parents are rich and you do not have a lower chance because of your race or religion. The concept of fair play is a very important aspect for the Americans. This belief was also expressed by the president Abraham Lincoln march 6, 1860 at New Haven, Connecticut: â€Å"We †¦ wish to allow the humblest man an equal chance to get rich with everybody else. When one starts poor, as most do in the race of life, free society is such that he knows he can better his conditions; he knows that there is no fixed conditions of labor for his whole life.† In the short story this aspect of fair play is shown in relation to his lack of education, but as he says: â€Å"I †¦ make more profità ‚  than some people I know of† (This is My Living Room, paragraph 19). The price you pay for this equality of opportunity is completion which is a vital part of the American dream. So in order to win the race to success you must compete with others. Therefore many Americans think that it is every person’s duty to try to succeed. In the short story we see this competition, when the â€Å"I† narrator tells Ezmo: â€Å"I give you the best prices in town† (This is My Living Room, paragraph 37). But competition also leads to bad things; in the story the redneck mentions that people are jealous of him. He has gained success: â€Å"I’ve got as much business as I need† (This is My Living Room, paragraph 19), and that without an education or money. However this idea of equality of opportunity is just not possible. There will always be those with more money who gets an advantage, or those who find people of a different race worth less. This aspect is also shown in the text: â€Å"Maybe they’ve got better houses and ride in finer cars, but maybe they didn’t make all their money like I did. Honest. I ain’t earned a cent crooked. I didn’t inherit my money. I worked for it.† (This is My Living Room, paragraph 19).ained succese redneck mentions that people are jealous of him. h that he knows he can better his conditions; he knows that But it is not only equality of opportunity and competition that is shown in the text, material wealth, hard work, individual freedom and self-reliance is also seen. The American values are often connected and by gaining one of them, you often gain all six. It is what holds America together: â€Å"we all share a common set of values that make us American†¦. We are defined by the rights we have†¦. Our rights are our history, why the first European settlers came here and why millions more have come here since†.

Arfa Batik

From the backyard of the founders house, our exclusive hand drawn batik is now a multi million ringgit industry with markets as far ranging as Europe and the Middle East. Our batik fashion house or haute couture combines contemporary design and traditional Malay motifs into batik of simple elegance, and are very much sought out by discerning customers from around the world. WHAT WE DO We are involve in various batik production processes from manufacturing from printing, colouring/dyeing, designing and tailoring, wholesaling, exporting to retailing of our batik products. We seek to open a chain of Noor Arfa Batik retail throughout the world through franchising. Noor Arfa is Malaysian’s largest commercial Batek producer. Noor Arfa has built a reputation as the leading manufacturer of superior hand – drawn fashion items and accessories. We also train and develop master craftsmen that consistently produce quality with excellence. We stand out as leader in our industry in the way we have perfected the art of combining distinct colour with classic designs and traditional Malay motives, to create Batek of simple elegance. The Market Noor Arfa Franchise operates in a dynamic and evolving marketplace. Consumers are presented with many options for batik textile and we see a growing interest in fashionable and contemporary batik that address the need to be trendy and yet unique in identity. We find our customers desiring the look that is Malaysian and yet global in application. Noor Arfa addresses this gap in the market by providing a more comprehensive product range that addresses the various needs of the different segment of the market for batik wear and textile. Our customers would also not have to worry about quality as we provide a consistent buying experience with our quality policy which is to produce excellent quality product that satisfy our customer needs. We also believe there are other areas of the market that would benefit from our products which we have not yet targeted. For example we see huge potential in offering our product to the trendy and fashionable young market which is looking for cool and â€Å"in† fashion wear. This is an area of the market that is fully aware of the benefits of self identity and yet contemporary.

Performance enhancing drugs in sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance enhancing drugs in sports - Essay Example The use of anabolic steroids and other performance enhancing drugs has become an all too common occurrence in sports today at all levels, from high school to professional. These substances have the effect of enabling athletes to achieve somewhat superhuman levels of strength and endurance. The pressure on today’s athletes to perform and compete at very high levels is intense, and performance enhancing drugs are a very tempting way to easily push one’s natural performance capabilities to otherwise impossible levels. Unfortunately, they exact a tremendous toll on the athlete’s physical wellbeing, as well as on the integrity of the sport in which it is being utilized. The health ramifications of performance enhancing substances are staggering. They have the potential to wreak havoc on many of the systems in the human body; and have been known to lead to severe and irreversible physical damage to the body, and even death. The drugs constitute substantial risk to any athlete who chooses to utilize them. The peer pressure and other stress to perform in today’s sports environment nevertheless lead many to take that risk. Certainly, the short term potential rewards, often including fame and fortune, can be quite tempting. After all, those athletes in many professional sports who really perform at the top of their game are certain to eventually command unimaginable sums of money. The impact of performance enhancing drugs on the integrity of the game is also a major problem, as those who play clean and push their natural performance levels as far as possible still are often unable to compete with those utilizing these substances.

Ethnographic research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethnographic - Research Paper Example According to oral history passed on over generations, the Maasai culture is said to have begun in the 15th century (Strang 2010). The Maasai people have interacted with the Cushites who have been their neighbors hence adopting most of their lifestyles. The interaction led to assimilation of some of the Cushitic groups in East Africa leading to the Maasai’s extension of their boundaries further south to Tanzania. Their culture has been a source of tourist attraction in both countries. It has also attracted scholars and anthropologists who have studied the culture deeply to come up with its social and cultural roots and understand its activities. Their strong cultural bonds have helped in the endurance of the Maasai culture in the dynamic world due to impacts from Western cultures. The Maasai has the age-set as the central unit of their society. It consists of small boys and girls who have undergone the set rituals to become adults. The boys in the same age-set start taking care of their cattle at tender ages making most of them skip school. To encourage them and ensure survival in different situations, they are frequently beaten to help them gain courage that is useful while herding cattle in the wild. The girls are allocated duties such as milking and cooking (Strang 2010). They learn most of their roles from their parents as soon as they stop breastfeeding. As for the boys, they are initiated into morans (Warriors) from the ages of 12-25 years. Circumcision is a rite of passage that involves both genders. Boys have to undergo painful circumcision procedures that ensure they become strong men in the future. Society elders who use locally available tools; hence, lack anesthetics in the procedure perform the ritual. The boys are believed to undergo the pain in silence and fight it on their own. Failure of endurance leads the marking of the individual making him known to the community of being a coward. During the circumcision

All firms, in the end, are run to make the most profit they can Essay

All firms, in the end, are run to make the most profit they can - Essay Example According to Primeaux and Stieber (1994), it is the ethical mandate of a business to try and achieve maximum profit. They argue that good business and good ethics are synonymous and that ethics and business are intricately linked. According to them, there are certain rules of business, which every business must follow. Profit maximization is one such rule and hence it is the ethical duty of a business to follow it. According to the economics theory of profit maximization, a firm should increase its output until its marginal revenue is equal to its marginal cost. Marginal revenue is the extra revenue that an additional unit of product would bring in. Marginal cost is the rise in cost that producing this additional unit would result in. A firm cannot indefinitely go on increasing its output. Initially, even at zero output, the firm would incur certain costs, such as cost of equipment, maintenance and rent. As the number of units produced increases, the cost goes up. However, at a certain level of output, the revenue from these goods starts to go down. Hence, maximum profit is obtained at the point where marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. Coming back to different types of businesses, let us explore why profit maximization is a must for them irrespective of their operating conditions. Let us consider the case of a firm operating in a monopolistic market.... Let us take the case of not-for-profit (NPO) organization. It is goal of such a firm to work for the benefit of the society. However, this requires money. Many NPOs rely on external source of funding such as government funds, grants and charities. However, these sources of income are neither reliable nor predictable. Hence, the organization must use whatever funds it has judiciously so that they can make the money last as long as possible. This is only possible by following the principle of profit maximization. So even though explicitly, the firms aim is not to make profit, it must, in the end, adopt profit maximization techniques in order to remain in business and achieve its stated goals. Similarly, a cooperative would want to maximize profits so as to achieve enough surpluses over its costs so that all its members can achieve some income. This is important, because the members of a cooperative need some incentive to remain in the cooperative other than for the good of the society. Even if all the members of a cooperative are willing to forego personal income, the firm would still need to make profits so as to have some operating cash at hand. In a private firm, the entire liability of the business is on the owner or the joint owners. Since, in such a firm, there are only a limited number of owners, all of whom may be either related to one another or known to each, the liability shared by these shareholders or owners becomes unlimited. Hence, if the business goes bankrupt, all the shareholders would suffer. If this firm has sole proprietorship, then the risk is even greater.

Effects of Temperature on Potato Catalase Activity Essay

Effects of Temperature on Potato Catalase Activity - Essay Example In most cases, the catalase enzyme reacts with the hydrogen peroxide thus converting it into water and oxygen. To determine the effects of temperature on potato catalase, an experiment was done. To begin with, the potato was grated using a nutmeg grater while making sure that the grated surface frequently is exposed to the calcium carbonate. Thereafter, grinding of the pulp in a mortar, which had some quartz sand for about two minutes, was done. The pulp extract was placed in between an absorbent cotton and cheesecloth to get rid of the water. Thereafter, it was placed in a glass bottle with cold water. This was followed by placing it in a water bath at 200C. Five cubic centimeters of Oakland together with a three percent hydrogen peroxide was added immediately the mixture attained the water bath temperature. Shaking should continue to make sure the effect covers the whole mixture. In most experiments the catalase enzyme is destroyed at temperatures ranging between 660 C and 780 C. however, in a situation involving a potato catalase enzyme, destruction begins at 500 C. There is a correlation in the VANT HOFF velocity coefficient for hemase (Bunzell & Kenyon, 1933). It reads 1.5 in the potato catalase between 0 and 100 C. temperatures above 200 C already start to destroy the catalase enzyme, which in conjunction with the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide makes it difficult to keep the enzymes alive. This is because of the real and total destruction that happens to the catalase enzyme. Hydrogen impurities do not hinder its destruction even under medium temperatures. In the experiment, it is very clear that temperature is the independent variable while both the potato and hydrogen peroxide are the dependant variables. They are dependent on temperature of which has to take place in the glass bottle or a test tube in that matter. The amount of hydrogen peroxide,

Chinese Security Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Chinese Security Market - Research Paper Example In 1990 the secure exchange of Shanghai was developed and on the other hand, Chinese security market was established 10 years ago. The Chinese security market will be divided into three categories such as â€Å"foundation laying stage†, â€Å"marketization stage† and â€Å"internationalization stage†. Among these three stages, the first stage will be completed by Chinese security market (Xijun & Qiqing, 2010). In the first stage, China will e developed a primary security market and will be laid the foundation for marketization as well as internationalization. In the second stage, China will be promoted a market-oriented development with the help of innovation. The three types of innovation process will be system innovation, theory innovation, and instrument innovation. After completing the marketization stage Chinese security market will get a better scope to establish internationalization stage. It will be a challenge for the Chinese security market. Moreover, C hinese security market will be created a variety of market structure such as bond market, a stock market, and fund market. It means the Chinese security market will be depended on the variety of market structures. The regulatory system of Chinese security market will be categorized into three stages such as government regulatory, which will be created by the â€Å"China Security Regulatory Commission† along with its 36 branches. The second one is the self-disciplinary management of industry, which will be applied by the †China Securities Industry Association and Stock Exchange†.

Current event of a business subject in the US Essay

Current event of a business subject in the US - Essay Example It makes reference to the Ingenuity that is necessary for every job assignment, from a garbage collector to a transport engineer, a tennis player to a fashion model. All these can be summed up in two words, â€Å"Work Ethics†. Without work ethics, the heavy monetary budget and incentives on education is of no use. The unpleasant news is that instilling a sound work ethic in the current social breed of youthful generation is tremendously hard to accomplish. Work ethics has no standard definition, but it can be viewed as a set of characteristics and attitudes that an individual employee allots to the grandness and virtue of work. Some attributes of solid work ethics include promptness, diligence, reliability, ambitiousness, dutifulness, honesty, sobriety and other traits generally considered acceptable insofar as good workmanship is concerned. Lack of these attributes in a worker is made manifest through laziness, shoddy performance of tasks and waste of time in endeavors that are not job related. To make matters worse, there is no clear legal framework for the enforcement of work ethics since it is never a part and parcel of the job description. This explains why public job creation debates ignore this argument entirely. A strong work ethic mostly results from the manner in which a person is brought up and strengthened by early and appropriate training. This is for the most part uncharacteristic of the rush to cut down unemployment in today’s world.   At a tender age, a child must be instructed on the importance of doing assignments and completing it on time, and that laziness of any form is unacceptable and inappropriate. This calls for strong family nurturing which instills in an individual a strong sense of responsibility. Policies adopted by colleges are not of much help when it comes to instilling appropriate work ethics. There is an approach to increase college revenue by maximizing enrolment, and consequently the standards are becoming

Counselling Theories Essay Example for Free

Counselling Theories Essay 1.Explain the concept of nature versus nurture, using yourself as a case study to illustrate the theory. The concept of nature versus nurture is that human behaviour is influenced by genetic information inherited from our parents and also by environmental and social influences. My appearance such as short sightedness and pigmentation (freckles) I inherited from my parents. This means like my father I must wear glasses to drive and many other aspects of my daily life. Being a woman this heightens my social awareness as how others perceive me. Society dictates ‘the body beautiful’. Magazines, Bill-boards, TV and newspapers constantly suggest the need to have a perfect complexion. This influences how I perceive myself and makes me feel I must wear makeup to cover up such blemishes to appear more acceptable and feel good about myself. Thus this influences my behaviour in everyday life as I feel my appearance determines my acceptance by others. 2.Identify one strength and one weakness of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. One strength of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is the ability to explain addiction to smoking, drinking and narcotics. Children see their family and friends behaviour as socially acceptable and so exhibit these behaviours with little question. This often leads to entrenched social behaviour. This suggests that our early experiences can affect our perspective later in adulthood. One weakness of the nature versus nurture concept in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that if someone’s behaviour is solely determined by their genes then to what extent are people in control of their lives. For instance people suffering from ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) have the same set of genes but depending on their family, social or cultural upbringing may respond differently to the same situation. 3.Describe Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego. Explain how the ego,  id and superego interact. Use an example from your own experience. Id: Describes the biological or instinctive response. This is our original personality we are born with and controls responses in the early stage of life. Ego: In this second developmental stage, compromises in instinctive responses to environmental circumstances begin to develop. The ego mediates with the id by considering the rules of the real world and the consequences of actions taken in that world. Superego: This is that part of our psyche that determines how we think we should react in a given situation. This is the development of morals, what is right and what is wrong. It is a further development of control over the id response. An example from my own experience is say when I see a piece of cake on display. My id tells me I want to eat the piece of cake, my ego says are you really that hungry. My superego rationalises the situation and asks if I eat the cake unnecessarily, a possible consequence is I will put on weight and so is this the right thing to do? 4.Identify one strength and one weakness of Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. One advantage of Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that it gives a good overall description of development of the human psyche. It recognises the development of personality and physical development stages. It demonstrates the interplay or lack of; between these different aspects of the psychological process and how different outcomes can occur as a consequence of this balance. One weakness of Sigmund Freud’s concept of the ego, id and superego in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that not each may be equally well developed. This mix of psyche occurs at different rates for each individual. This can lead to social consequences where individuals will be treated differently causing a hindrance in the future development of the ego and superego. 5. Describe Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development and provide an example from your own experience to illustrate the theory. Sensorimotor (Birth 18 months): During this period the baby begins to  recognise the world around them and so develops refined eye movement, depth vision, and later as they begin to explore further learn to crawl and then walk. They start to use simple language ‘mum’, ‘dad’ and other single word responses.   Preoperational (18 months to 6 years): Here the child increases their vocabulary and recognise some simple symbols and how to deal with certain basic situations. They can understand those near to them and begin to categorise the world around them. ï€ ªConcrete operational (6 to 12 years): At this point language skills increase but are still tied to the real world. The ability to reason increases in seeking to understand the world around them. Formal operational (12 years and over): About this point the child begins to explore abstract or hypothetical situations. There is an attempt to organise thoughts and situations into a logical ordering. From my own experience while I cannot remember the first two stages but I have seen them in my children’s growing up. At the age of 12 my daughter started to explore cooking for herself at first making cakes and more complicated meals. She started to ask such questions regarding instructions on packet mixes before progressing to more complicated cooking such as a bacon, tomato and onion omelette. More recently she has started to explore more complex issues and why people do what they do. 6.Identify one strength and one weakness of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development demonstrate an important connection between physical development and personality stages. A criticism levelled at Piaget however was that he used his own children and others from a well educated and high socio-economic background. This selection is thus not fully representative of all society. Further children from different environment and cultural backgrounds may mature differently. Thus the age classification of the different stages may be much wider with some children developing at an earlier age and some later. 7.List Erikson’s eight psychosocial stages of development. Which stage do you see yourself in and why? (1)Oral sensory (0 – 1 year) (2)Muscular anal (2 – 3 years) (3)Locomotor-genital (3 – 5 years) (4)Latency (6 years – puberty) (5)Adolescence (12 – 18 years) (6)Early adulthood (18 – 35 years) (7)Middle adulthood (35– 60 years) (8)Mature adult (60+ years) I’m at stage 7 according to Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development. I am 40 years old, I have a family, a career and have organized as much as is possible my future life which now includes further education. 8.Identify one strength and one weakness of Erikson’s stages of development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour. A strength of Erikson’s stages of development in relation to understanding human development and individual behaviour is that it places greater stress in the nature versus nurture debate for the need for both concepts. Further this description is placed across an entire lifespan of a human being. A criticism, however, is that this theory describes the developmental process rather than explaining it.

Sources Of Finance And Impact On Financial Statements Finance Essay

Sources Of Finance And Impact On Financial Statements Finance Essay This brief report highlights the financial performance of the Trevors PLC using ration analysis and decisions on new projects that the company is going to be invested. Firstly it will focus on the financial statements of a company and the formats of financial statements. Secondly ration analysis performs on the basis of the information given about Trevors Plc. This explains under the main headings of Profitability, asset efficiency, liquidity, working capital management, solvency and Investors ratios. In addition to that it discusses the insufficient information to raise accurate comments on ratio analysis. Thirdly the emphasis will be given to the results obtained from net present value and Payback period calculations. Fourthly it identifies sources of finance. It involves details analysis of each financing methods and tax, ownership and controlling implication of each source. Finally the attention will be given towards the importance of financial planning and information need of the decision makers. Recommendation and conclusion of this report included in the latter part of this report. Financial statements Financial statements form a basis for understanding the financial performance, position and liquidity of a firm. As per the IAS Financial statement refers to, Balance sheet Income statement Statement of changes in equity Cash flow statement Accounting policies and notes An annual report includes following in general, Financial statements Auditors report 05 year summary of key financial data Stock prices(High or low) Management discussion and analysis Financial statements give good direction to achieve the objectives of a user. Fr example a lender to a firm in deciding whether or not to lend may refer to the cash flow statement. Financial health of a firm could be better understood by means of cash flow statement. Therefore this information collection can be viewed as a map, which provides a good direction. Often financial statements contain a large amount of information. Further the accounting policies, reporting environment, accounting practices are complex and constancy changing. The man can hide or omit key information, create the picture they require. Though the accounting standard limits variability, still financial reporting in different firms and industries has considerable deviations. The balance sheet is the snap shot of the firm. It is a convenient means of organizing and summarizing what a firm owns and what firm owes and the difference between the two at a given time (Equity). The structure of assets for a firm reflects line of business that the firm is in and also marginal decisions about how much cash and inventory to have and about credit policy, fixed assets acquisition and so on. Income statement measures a performance over some period of time, usually a quarter, or year. If you think balance sheet as a snap shot, then you can think of the income statement as a video recording covering the period between a before and an after picture. Information about the cash flows of an enterprise is useful in providing users of financial statements with a basis to assess the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and the needs of the enterprise to utilize those cash flows. The economic decisions that are taken by users require an evaluation of the ability of an enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and the timing and certainty of their generation. A cash flow statement, when used in conjunction with the rest of the financial statements, provides information that enables users to evaluate the changes in net assets of an enterprise, its financial structure (including its liquidity and solvency) and its ability to affect the amounts and timing of cash flows in order to adapt to changing circumstances and opportunities. Cash flow information is useful in assessing the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents and enables users to develop models to assess and compare the present value of the future cash flows of different enterprises. It also enhances the comparability of the reporting of operating performance by different enterprises because it eliminates the effects of using different accounting treatments for the same transactions and events. As discussed in above lenders can evaluates the secure of their lending using g the information reflects on the cash flow statement. On the basis of that, if a companys cash flow statement reflects the well management of their cash and cash equitant that company is in position to raise fund easily from external sources. Various tools can be used in financial analysis. The derivative financial statements, (Cash flow statement, fond flow statement) Common size financial statement (Common size balance sheet and common size income statement), trend statement and Financial ratio analysis are the most commonly used tolls in financial analysis. These can be used as techniques of analyzing financial information for a more meaningful understanding of the financial position and performance of a firm. Formats of financial statements There are three basic forms of business organizations. Sole proprietorship, Partnership and limited liability companies. Sole proprietorship is a business form for which there is one owner, in a partnership two or more individuals act as owners and a limited liability company is a separate legal entity from its owners. When shares of a public limited company are listed, the company is known as quoted company, whose financial statements publication is compulsory. Therefore the annual reports of quoted companies are a major source of financial information. However most of the time, the financial information of sole proprietorships, partnerships and private limited liability companies are not readily publically available as there are no volunteers in financial statements publication. Tryor Plc presented their financial statements in accordance with the IASS since it get affects from legal requirements such as listing rules governed in the stock exchange. The main reason is the Tryor Plcs shared are listed on the stack exchange. Ratio Analysis Financial performance of the company can explain using a variety of measures. In particular, in this report, principally discuss the Trevors results by using ratio analysis. Ratio analysis can be regarded as a technique used in the financial statement analysis. It gives an insight in to the performance of an enterprise. Ratios could primarily be divided in to following areas: Profitability Asset Efficiency Liquidity Working Capital Management Gearing/ Leverage Investors Ratio Profitability This ratio reveals the efficiency of a business in terms of profitability and Assets utilization. Gross profit ratio of the company is recorded as 28.95%. This ratio is said to be favorable but in order to make accurate comment this has to be compared with the last year figures or industry averages. Net profit ratio of Trevors is 6.37%. Net profit ratio is also said to be favorable to the company since company earning profits from their operations. Trevor Plc was able to achieve significant turnover for the period. In addition to that management of the company was able to manage their cost of operations efficiently. However accurate comment on both rations will depend on the results of the last years and industry averages. (Refer Appendix 01 Profitability ratios) Asset Efficiency It assesses the efficiency of the company in terms of assets utilization. It is concerned on the areas of utilization of fixed assets and working capital. The detail analysis these ratios will reveal whether there are any idle assets or underutilized assets. Assets turnover is recorded at 0.73 (Refer Appendix 01 Asset efficiency ratio). This ratio indicates the  £1 of assets generates  £ 2.38 sales to the company. Therefore available information for the company is not sufficient since it has to be compared with industry averages or past years results. Liquidity This ratio assesses the liquidity position of the company. Liquidity is the amount of cash a company can put its hand to settle its debt and possibility to meet other unforeseen demands for cash payments too. A company can obtain liquid assets other the sales such as issue of shares for cash new loan or the sale of long term assets. But a company cannot rely on these at all times, and in general obtaining liquid funds depends on making sales and profits. Companys Current ratio is 2.16. Further Quick assets ratio is recorded as 1.50. (Refer Appendix 01). In theoretical view these two ratios are expected to be within a given range of 2:1 and 1:1 respectively. Trevors current ratio and quick assets ratio are lie within that given range. As a result of that companys liquidity position is held at good position. Therefore management of the company has to adopt on current strategies to continue this position in future also. However these ratios also compared with last year results or industry averages to raise an accurate comment on liquidity position of the company. Working Capital Management This assesses the efficiency of the working capital management of the company. Finished goods turnover ratio is recorded as 12 times. (Refer Appendix 01) Further this led to finished goods residence period to 30 days. In addition to that Creditors turnover ratio of the Trevors PLC is recorded as 8 times. Further company creditors period from suppliers is 45 days. Factors such as stock policies, policies on credit period allowed to debtors and those obtained from suppliers helps to determine the working capital management of the company. Comment on those rations cannot be raised due to unavailability of information. However Company would concentrate on increasing the rapidity of cash cycle, because each cycle can enhance the profitability of the company. Solvency Gearing ratios are concerned with a companys long term stability. How much the company owes in relation its size, whether its getting in to heavier debt or improving situation, and weather its debt burden seems heavy or light. Debt to equity ratio recorded as 3.94. It means  £ 01 of equity carries  £ 3.94 of debt. (Refer Appendix 01 gearing ratio) By just seeing the ratio its fair to say that Trevors uses significant amount of debt and can be identified as a geared company. Debt generally carries a fixed rate of interest; hence there is a given amount to be paid out from profits to holders of debt before arriving at residue available for distribution to the holders of the equity. The highly gearing situation creates greater risk to the equity holders. This means that there will be a grater volatility of amounts available for ordinary shareholders and presumably therefore greater volatility in dividends paid to share holders. Dividend payment in year 2009 is  £ 50,000. Investors ratio These ratios are considered to be external ratios and are used in evaluating the stability and investment potential of a company. Basic Earnings per share of the Trevor Plc was  £2.03 in 2009, reflecting the profitability in 2009. (Refer Appendix 01 Investors ratio). Trevors Plc can be considered as a well performing company in the industry since company maintains favorable investors ratios attracting potential investors. However this comment will not be accurate due to unavailability of comparison information about the past results of the company or the industry averages. Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Pay Back Period NPV =  £ 484,750.89 (Refer Appendix 02) Discounted Pay Back Period = 02 years and Nine Months (Refer Appendix 02) This project gives positive NPV of  £ 484,750.89. Further this project enables to recover its initial investment with in the period of 02 years Nine months. In order to make a decision based on the discounted payback period it has to be compared with target payback period. However project recovers its cost during its life time. Meanwhile positive NPV value gives a favorable indication that project is worthwhile. Therefore according the calculation its profitable to accept the project. Sources of Financing Term Loans Higher Purchases Debentures Venture Capital Leases Offer for sales Right Issue Tax Impact, Control and Ownership of Sources of finance Term Loans, Higher purchases, Debentures, Leases and venture capital can be identified as the debt financing methods. In the case of term loans, higher purchases, debentures and leases, existing ownership of the company may not be diluted. Voting rights to Control the company lies with the equity holders even though the company raise finance through above mentioned sources. Interest payments on debentures and term loans are tax deductible and debt holders do not have any controlling power in the company. However in the case of venture capital there is a risk associates with controlling power of the company, since controlling and planning of the business will be held in the newly acquired management. Rising of equity financing is much easier for a public company whose shares are traded on a stock exchange then its for a private company. Offer for sales and right issue can be identified as sources of Equity financing. Right issues are cheaper than offer for sales to the general public since it does not require the prospectus and less cost of underwriting. Right issues are more beneficial to existing shares holders than new shareholders. New shares are issued at discount to the current market price to the existing shareholders. In the case of right issues controlling power and ownership of the existing shareholders may not be diluted. However offer sales will lead to dilute the controlling power of the existing share holders. Dividend payments to existing shareholders and new shareholders are not tax deductible. Term Loans Long term loans are available from lending institutions and the commercial banks. It can be obtained to cover specific projects for restructuring as well as for equipment financing. Term loans are granted mainly on the strengths of cash generation of the project. This type of term loan facilitates grace period and easy repayment schedule at the early stage of projects operations. High purchases This is defined as procedure of purchasing goods under which the purchaser pays a deposit on the receipt of the goods followed by a number of installments until the debt is cleared. The goods do not become the property of the purchaser until the last installment has been paid. Debentures Debenture is direct from of borrowing by a company from the investors. In this case the interest rate and maturity period are fixed. The company is not required to pay the value of the debt before maturity although in some instances companies may prefer to redeem them before maturity by buying them back in the market. Venture Capital It refers to participation by way of equality or co- financing through long term convertible debt in business. Venture capital means risk capital. This type of capital is sought to assisting product development, market research and acquisition of plant and equipment. Risk associates with this are venture capital involves control of management and planning of the business. Leases Its a form of lending which enables a firm to use an asset without owing it. The owner of the assets grants another party the right to use the asset usually for a specific period in return of a series of specific rental payments. The risk is that lessee is not the owner of the asset for which he cannot claim capital allowances. Offer for sale Offer for sales is method of issuing shares to the public, which have already been bought by an investor as a block. Therefore its not considered as a primary issue but a secondary sale. A financial institution buys blocks of shares usually when the companies are formed and offer to the public at a later date. Right Issue Is a new issue of shares but subscription is limited to existing shareholders. Companies in need of additional capital usually go right issue unless the funds requirement is very large. The issue price will be determined usually at a level lower than the market price. Cost of sources of finance and impact on financial statements (FS) Capital structure decision is very significant since the question arises where her there is an optimal mix of capital and debt which a c company should try to achieve. If company is looking for obtaining debt Capital Company should earn enough profits to cover its interest charges before anything is available for equity. On the other hand if borrowed funds are invested in projects which provides return in excess of cost of debt capital, then the shareholders will enjoy the increased return on their equity. General cost of debt of each source as discussed in above is greater than the cost of equity financing. However tax savings can be enjoyed by the company in the cash of interest payments on debt financing. In the case of issuing shares to the public company has to incur considerable amount of expenses which are not tax deductible. As far as companies are concerned debt capital is potentially attractive sources of finance because interest charges reduce the profits chargeable only t o corporate tax. Shares can be issued to the public for the company whose shares are traded on the stock exchanges. In such case financial statements has to be complied with the IASs, listing rules and other regulations governing under the various institutions. Further format of financial statements for those companies are predetermined. But any company can obtain debt financing. In such case if the company is a quoted company, it has to be disclosed the financing sources and their cost and interest payments made during the period. Best method of raising funds Initial investment of  £ 1 m for the new project can e obtained from the term loan as a source of debt finance. Term loan has been selected to finance this project since this type of a loan can be easily obtained by Trevor PLC. Its quoted public company and this loan is obtained as the project oriented loan. Companys controlling power and the ownership of the existing shareholders will not be diluted. This is a main advantage to the company. In addition to that company does not have to incur any issue cost on issuing shares or debentures to the public. Company should have to incur only the interest payment on the borrowed amount of  £ 1m. Further interest payment on such loans is tax deductible and company can enjoy some tax savings. Debt holders do not have any controlling power on the entity. Anyhow company liable to pay interest whether company earn profit or incur loss. But this method is very suitable since this project generates a positioned net present value. In addition to the above this type of a loan repayment is geared to the specific needs of the project and may include a grace period before repayments commence and easier repayment schedule at the early stages of projects operations. Depending on the nature of the cash flow patterns firms are sometime allowed to capitalize the interest during the start up period. Financial Planning Finance for a business is provided either by owners or creditors. Finance is categorized by their maturity periods as short term and long term. Short term funds have maturity of on e year or less while long term funds have maturity of more than on e year. Therefore financial planning is very important for a finance manger since he has to match cash inflows from assets with the assets sources of financing. As such medium and long tem fiancà © investment in an enterprise should be financed from a medium and long term source. Investment in fixed assets such as land and buildings, plant and equipment generates benefits during their effective economic life. Therefore fund s locked in these assets will be repaid over a longer period. Thus long term assets should not be financed through short term sources. Therefore financial planning is significant without which company may incur heavy losses or possibility to go for bankruptcy. Information Needs of decision makers Piece of Information about any company is very essential to the stake holders who are interested in that company. Different stakeholders see the organizations from different angels. As such existing shares holders likes very much about the sales, gross profits, expenses incurred and profits earned during the period and any dividend payments. Potential investors are interested about the current earnings per share and new investments that the company is going to be implemented. Employees keen about the bonus payments, incentives, series and wages and potential survival of the company to ensure their job security. Government regulators are looking for information about profits and business operation to collect tax payments and other duties imposing on the nature of the business. As such different king of information about the company serves the stakeholders to make decisions which maximize their value. Unit Cost and Profit Margin As per the calculation (Refer Appendix 03) unit cost of a toy is recorded as  £ 19.68. Whereas profit margin of a toy (Refer appendix 03) is equal to the  £ 0.7179 in accordance with calculation. Recommendation Conclusion It is recommended Trevors Plc to undertake the new project of manufacturing and selling brand new toys since it generates positive net present value. Its fair to say the Trevors Plc perform their operations well. However accurate comments on ratio analysis cannot be raised since unavailability of comparison information about the past results of the Trevors PLC and industry averages.

Interpreting A Rose For Emily Essay -- essays papers

Interpreting A Rose For Emily William Faulkner (1897-1962) is known for his portrayals of the tragic conflict between the old and the new South. The majority of Faulkner's works are centered on his hometown of Oxford, in Lafayette County, Mississippi. In his works of fiction, his hometown is used, but is renamed to Jefferson, in Yoknapatawpha County. This author's fiction recreates more than a century of life in the town of Jefferson a few years before, during and after the Civil War. Many different types of people come into focus in his literature. A Rose for Emily easily fits into Faulkner’s pattern of fiction writing. The present, or â€Å"new south† agenda was expressed several ways in A Rose for Emily; through the words of the narrator, the new Board of Aldermen, Homer Barron (the Yankee), and in what was called â€Å"the next generation with its more modern ideas† (354). This technique is not unusual for Faulkner. It is present in many of his works and that is why A Rose for Emily is easily interpreted. In A Rose for Emily, Faulkner discussed those conflicting values of the past and present and point out those values that are misrepresented and those that continue to have meaning for today by contrasting the past with the present era as he descriptively portrayed unusual characters. In A Rose for Emily, the past was represented in Emily. Miss Emily was referred to as a "fallen monument" in the story (353). She and her antiquated home were almost a shrine to Southern gentility and an ideal of past values. She and her home were depicted as susceptible to death and decay. Through this imagery Faulkner was symbolizing the demise of the way of life of the old, pre-industrial, pre-civil war south. The description of he... ...f the narrator, the new Board of Aldermen, Homer Barron (the Yankee), and in what was called â€Å"the next generation with its more modern ideas† is contrasted with Emily and all those who could not accept the loss of the Civil War and the beginning of new ways ( 354). Emily, and the old south in general did conquer time briefly by retreating into the "rose-tinted" world of the past. This sort of retreat is hopeless since everyone, even Emily, was finally vulnerable to death and to the invasion by the inhabitants of the world of the present. Faulkner expressed this inevitable invasion at the very beginning of the story when the narrator claims, â€Å"When Miss Emily died, [the] whole town went to her funeral† ( 353). The whole town of Jefferson eventually must lay to rest the ways of the past and Miss Emily’s funeral is the perfect setting for a collection of outdated values.

Media Violence Essay -- essays research papers fc

Machine gun fire, explosions, and screams for help are only a few of the sounds that can be heard emanating from a child’s bedroom today, while his parents listen nervously just outside his door. Horrified, these parents shake their heads ruefully, wondering at the power of entertainment available for kids nowadays. Sometimes they even argue whether it is right for their child to have access to this sort of violence: the kind found in most video games, television shows, and movies all over the world. But honestly, does it make a difference in the child’s development as a productive member of society, and if so, can a parent really do anything about it? These are the questions that researchers of the subject hope to answer conclusively In order to understand how media violence has an effect on children, different variables must first be examined. To begin with, children of various ages understand what they are watching very differently. Most of it depends on the length of their attention spans, the way they go about processing their information, the amount of mental effort that they put in, and their own life experiences. These stages are broken up into five parts. The first part is the effects on infants. Infants or children up to 18 months old can â€Å"Pay attention to an operating television set for short periods of time, but the attention demands a great effort and infants are more interested in their own activities.†1 Even when it seems that they are focusing on the television, infants will usually not be able to comprehend what is going on. They take it as a bunch of â€Å"Fragmented displays of light and sound†, which they can only recognize and put together certain pieces and characters. Although there is no evidence yet as to the effect of media violence on infants, there is still evidence that infants may imitate some behavior that they have seen on television. The toddler period begins at roughly two-and-a-half to three years old. It is at this point that they begin to pay more attention to the television when it is on. They also begin to develop a minute capability to take some meaning out of what they watch. They are also more likely to copy what they see on television. Children, who are at preschool age, three to five years old, start watching television with the intent of understanding the content. They are drawn to fast-pacing images, which tend to b... ...t of violent games will grow up to be violent. But just as every cigarette increases the chance that someday you will get lung cancer, every exposure to violence increases the chances that someday a child will behave more violently than they otherwise would.†3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . Bibliography 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wendy L. Josephson, Ph.D. (1995). Television Violence: A Review of the Effects on Children of Different Ages. Retrieved Nov.17, 2004. Media Awareness Network. http://stauffer.queensu.ca/inforef/instruct/tv1.htm 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Michael Craig Miller, (2000). Does Violence In The Media Cause Violent Behavior? Nov.18, 2004. Harvard Mental Health Letter. http://www.health.harvard.edu/medline/Mental/M901c.html 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Senator Orrin G. Hatch, (1999). Children, Violence, And The Media. Nov.18, 2004. Senate Judiciary Committee Media Violence Report. http://www.senate.gov/~judiciary/mediavio.htm 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Saul Kassin, (2004), Psychology. Retrieved Nov.19, 2004 New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. THE EFFECTS OF MEDIA VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN NOVEMBER 23, 2004

Maya Angelou :: essays research papers

Collective Soul and Maya Angelou Collective Soul, a 90’s based rock band, and the famously known poet Maya Angelou, have a statement to make on their thoughts and feelings. They are expressed in two different forms of poetry. Maya Angelou express them in contemporary poetry, while the rock group Collective Soul adds rhythm and a impressive beat to their lyrics. Both of these forms of poetry are very strong at getting their point across to their audience that is very attracted to their work. Both Maya Angelou and Collective Soul share the hardships and oppression that has been bestowed upon their life’s, and other human beings. Maya Angelou’s poem Still I Rise and Collective Soul’s song December, show the effects on an individual through positive and negative means of expression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maya Angelou and Collective Soul’s poetry are similar in some ways when broken down correctly. Collective Soul writes “ why drink the water from my hand? Contagious as you think I am'; reflects the same ideas that Maya Angelou shares when She says, “Does my sassiness upset you? Why are you beset with gloom'; These two parts of their writings are asking a similar question. Why do you choose to seclude me from you’re world am I something you wouldn’t expect from another human? “Don’t scream about don’t think aloud turn your head now baby just spit me out don’t worry about don’t speak of doubt turn your head now baby just spit me out.'; This is a complex way saying why is you disrespected me because you can’t stand the way that I am. Just walk all over me treat me different act as if I’m a piece of crap. What good does it do for you by bringing me down? I think this is the question Collective soul is asking the person or group of people who are setting out to bring him down. Maya Angelou asks a similar question when she writes, “Does my haughtiness offend you?'; “Don’t you take it awful hard cause I laugh like I’ve got diamonds at the meeting of my thighs.'; This question is being asked to her opponent that chooses to treat her differently just like what collective Soul is asking in their song. In my opinion they are asking their enemies, why do you do this to me? What have I done to make you so awful mad, that you go out of your way to bring me down?

Huckleberry Finn Frederick Douglass Slavery comparison Essay

Up until 1865, slavery and all of its violence and cruelty was accepted across the United states. The self-acclaimed â€Å"Land of the Free† was not a free land for slaves like Fredrick Douglass, or even Jim, a fictional character in the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Slavery depicted in the previously mentioned novel is very much cushioned when compared to the reality of slavery depicted in the autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. However, Mark Twain, author of the former manages to capture some realities within his satirical version of life before the American Civil War. Both novels portray the classic version of slavery, where Africans are inferior to the English, but Twain’s version shows neither the extent of violence and cruelty committed upon slaves, nor the double-edged sword that comes with owning slaves. Frederick Douglass and Mark Twain both show the most common form of slavery; the unjust control and superiority white people assert over the African race. In Twain’s novel, Jim is loyal to his owner Miss Watson, but when Miss Watson finds out â€Å"she could [get] eight [hundred] dollars for [Jim]† (42), she plans to sell him. Miss Watson had promised Jim that she would never sell him, and knows that, by selling Jim, she would be separating him from his wife and children. However, with the offer of eight hundred dollars for Jim, Miss Watson’s own greed overrules the destruction of a slave family. In this novel, eight hundred dollars for the white lady is worth destroying a black family over. Similarly, Douglass experiences his life being toyed with over â€Å"a misunderstanding [that] took place between [Douglass’ owner] and Master Hugh† (41), his temporary owner. Because of an insignificant argument, Douglass’ entire life is once again moved to a new location. In both the narrative and the novel, the lives of slaves are not worth even the menial conflicts of a white slave owner. When comparing the lives of slaves in Douglass’s narrative and Twain’s novel, it is evident that Twain has not done justice to the amount of violence slaves are put through. Throughout the duration of Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Jim, the slave, has never been whipped. That may partially be due to Jim being a runaway, but simply the fact that Jim was able to â€Å"set down on the ground betwixt [Huck] and Tom†¦[and] begun to snore† (9) reveals Twain’s inability to portray the true life of a slave. Here, a slave is able to just sit down and take a nap without a second thought. In comparison, Douglass writes of when â€Å"a young girl between fifteen and sixteen years of age†¦lost her rest for several nights previous, [and] did not hear the [baby] crying†¦ [Her owner], finding her slow to move, jumped from her bed, seized an oak stick of wood by the fireplace, and with it†¦ ended her life† (26). For Jim, when he fell asleep, nothing of consequence happened to him. In fact, he got a nice rest. The young girl in Douglass’ story, on the other hand, was brutally beaten to death for the same offense. Whether it was on purpose or not, Twains satirical version of slavery is an insult to the brutalities millions of slaves suffered at the hands of white men and women. On first glance, owning slaves may not seem to have any consequence. However, Douglass reveals, as Twain omits, the fact that slave owning is a double edged sword. Douglass’ temporary owner, Mrs. Auld, begins as â€Å"a woman of the kindest heart and finest feelings†¦But, alas! [her] kind heart had but a short time to remain such†¦ That angelic face gave place to that of a demon. Thus is slavery the enemy of both the slave and the slave holder†(31). Douglass gives a first-hand account of how owning a slave can change the kindest person into a heartless devil. Twain, however, writes of slave owning â€Å"Uncle Silas, [who visits Jim] every day or two to pray with him, and Aunt Sally, [who comes] in to see if [Jim is] comfortable and [has] plenty to eat, and both of them [are] kind as could be† (225). Though Silas and Sally are slave owners, and Jim is a runaway slave that they have captured, they are very kind to him, as they are with their other slaves. Twain’s portrayal of slave owners is much kinder than the one depicted by Douglass. This is understandable, as Twain is a white male who can identify with slave owners, and Douglass is a slave, who can identify with all the other enslaved Africans of his time. While both Twain and Douglass write of the classic Africans-enslaved-to-white-men tale, their portrayals of slavery are very different. Douglass reveals the brutal violence committed upon slaves, while Twain writes of no violence against slaves. Douglass also portrays slavery as detrimental to the character of both slaves and slave owners, and once again, Twain does not. It is clear that there is a fine line between reality and fiction when it comes to the portrayal of slavery. Never again can the human race commit such sins against one of their own.