Field Experience Report

General Outcome: 1. 0 The student shall spend 15 hours in observation in a school setting. Specific Measurable Learning Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this unit, the student shall be able to: 1. 1 Review an existing lesson plan prior to the lesson. After reviewing an existing lesson plan prior to the lesson implementation by your cooperating teacher, address the following: 1) Record the subject, grade level and the goal of the lesson plan. 7th grade Civics. Goal: 1. Identify the key issues discussed at the Constitutional Convention;? . Describe the problems and solutions that were addressed by the Great Compromise of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. How did this lesson plan differ from the required lesson plan of this course? Much less detailed, in fact I would even call it vague. 2) Did the plan include an assessment? Not really, he had â€Å"Evaluation† and that was to be determined by student’s participation. Observe the implementation of the lesson an d address the following: 3) Did the actual teaching/learning process take place as outlined in the plan?Why or why not? The teaching process took place as outline, however the learning process is hard for me to gauge without a formal assesment. 4) Did the teacher feel as if the lesson was successful and the objective was met? Yes, he did, he seemed satisfied. But to be frank, I don’t believe so. 5) Would you have done anything differently from the teacher? If so, what? Yes, I would definitely be more detail oriented with my lesson plans. I find his plans to be too vague for my liking. 1. Observe a cooperating teacher in large and small group instructional setting. After observing a cooperating teacher in a large and small group instructional setting, address the following: Large group instructional setting: 1) Did you observe any of the following instructional strategies: integrated curriculum, thematic teaching, cooperative learning, critical thinking/problem solving, or dif ferentiated instruction? He used differentiated instruction for a gifted student in one of the classes I observed.For example, he would assign the same chapter from the Civics book for all the students, but he would assign the gifted students, additional questions to answer at the end of the chapter, and in fact, they were what I would consider â€Å"higher order† questions. 2) Describe what you observed. (If none of the instructional strategies listed above were observed, describe what strategies you did observe. ) Small group Instructional setting: 1) Did the cooperating teacher use small group instruction? If not, why do you think it was not used?Yes, he did use small group instruction. In one of the classes I observed, there was 5 ESOL students, he grouped them together to get the extra help needed in reading chapters and comprehension of the material, with an ESOL teacher aide. 2) How could you use small group instruction with this class of students? It could be used by divinding kids into different small groups, I would divide them not by grouping skill levels together, but by group different skill levels together. That way, they could collaborative learning could be implemented.If so, describe the teaching strategies in the small group. I would use collaborative learning and use higher order thinking skills as my primary goal in the small group. I would act more as a facilitator, guiding them on the journey. 3) What criteria was used to form the small groups? He sepereated the ESOL group, however you could also use small group instruction for differential instruction for gifted students. How did the instruction in the small group compare to that of the large group? The small group was much more interactive.The large group listened to a lecture, while the ESOL group participated much more among the group and interacted much more within the small group, as compared to the large, which did not interact. 1. 3 Observe and describe the classroom learni ng environment. A student-centered learning environment is one that is safe, organized, inclusive, equitable, flexible and collaborative. Describe what you observed by addressing the following: Did the teacher†¦ * provide an organized classroom with well-managed space?Yes, I believe so; the only thing I did observe was that there were not enough textbooks for all the students, so in one class about 4 students always had to share a book. This is not really something that the teacher can control, but it did surprise me. * convey high expectations to students? Somewhat. He always repeated to students that Civics is important, that in order to be good citizens, one must have an understanding of Civics. Also he discussed with them the importance to study and the need to study a lot for success. maintain a climate of openness, inquiry, and fairness? Yes, I believe so. The students were never reprimanded without reason. Also, he did encourage them to answer questions, even if they wer e wrong. * adapt the environment to accommodate different needs and diversity? Yes, he did try; he would often separate the ESOL students so they could sit in a group with their ESOL aide. Also the teacher had a student who was gifted and he accommodated his needs by assigning him higher-order questions from the book. * model clear oral and written communication skills?Most times, though I do think at times he could have been even more clear, because sometimes the kids were completely lost as to what chapter they were on, and on what dates things were do. Obviously there is a miscommunication somewhere. 1. 4Observe the teacher use materials in the teaching/learning process. Observe a lesson and describe the process that was used to utilize instructional materials by addressing the following: 1) List the materials used in the lesson. He used a website called â€Å"ConnectEd† which is a website associated with the Civics book used.They also had a workbook that was used. 2) Did the materials enhance the lesson and stimulate interest? To some extent. Some of the kids did not have computers and or Internet access, so they were not able to utilize the â€Å"ConnectEd† website. The book is a standard Civics book, so the extent that it can stimulate interest is limited in my opinion. 3) Did the teacher use the materials for demonstration only or were children able to use the materials? Yes, children could use the website at home, if they had Internet access and/or computer, which not all did. ) Would you use materials differently or would you use different material? Explain. I would use different materials as well as more materials. The lessons could be boring since they were mostly lectures and going over questions in the book. With Civics you could use creativity and hold a mock election, or maybe have the class write their own class constitution etc. I would implement those sorts of ideas to try and make the classes more interesting for students. 1. 5 Observe the teacher – learner and learner – leaner interaction.Mutual respect and good communication between students and teacher are vital to an effective learning environment. Address the following that you observed in your cooperating teacher’s classroom: 1) How did the teacher encourage open communication? He always waited patiently for students to answer the questions and never criticized students if there answer was wrong, he would say something like â€Å"No†¦you are getting there though†¦Ã¢â‚¬  so even if the student was wrong, there were not made to feel bad and this I believe created a sense of comfort and confidence in the classroom for the students. ) Was learner-learner interaction a vital part of the instructional strategy? Not in the large group, however he did have ESOL students that were separated into a small group, and there was a lot of learner-learner interaction in this setting. 3) Did you observe cooperative learning? No, this is not something I observed during this field experience, perhaps I will next semester. 4) Was the teacher more of a facilitator or a lecturer? Explain. I think he was a little of both.He did seem to lecture a lot, but by the same token, even though he did lecture, he also asked questions of the students every once in a while, which gave them opportunities to do critical thinking and thus, in that sense, he became a facilitator. 1. 6 Read to individual children or groups of children. A. Choose the book recommended by the cooperating teacher. Develop at least one question from the higher order questions (Bloom’s taxonomy) to ask the children. Describe the experience. If you are at a middle or high school setting, you may discuss a current book, article, or perhaps a poem that a student has read.We read the Bill of Rights during my lesson on the Constitution. One of the higher order questions I asked was: What are some of the rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and how hav e these rights affected your life? Explain. 1. 7 Listen to individual children read. Discuss with your cooperating teacher some instructional strategies that you can use to concentrate on vocabulary skills, fluency or comprehension. What were the suggestions? Describe the experience. During one of my visits the class read aloud a chapter in the book. Some students were better readers than others.The teacher makes a vocabulary list every week, based on the reading. He instructs the students to make vocabulary cards from index cards, with definitions for students to study weekly. Then, on a weekly basis, they have a1 vocabulary quiz. 1. 8 Work with individual or small groups of students to provide a review on previously taught materials. Discuss with your cooperating teacher a review lesson that you could implement with an individual student or a small group of students. With approval, implement the review and reflect on your experience.I had the opportunity to do this activity with a student that had been out a couple of days because of illness. I went over some of the lessons in the chapter with him that he missed, than the cooperating teacher wanted me to work with the student to answer the questions at the end of the lesson. This went well, since it was just one student, it was nice to have the personal interaction with him. However he was quite shy and I did have to work to get more than a 2-word response from him. 1. 8 Reflect upon the educational theory and philosophy observed in the field based school.Your textbook describes four philosophies that influence today’s education. The subject-centered philosophies are perennialism and essentialism. The child-centered philosophies are romanticism and progressivism . Have a discussion with your teacher about his/her guiding beliefs of how teaching and learning occur in the classroom and address the following: 1) Which philosophy comes through in the discussion? During our discussion he told me that he is most influenced by the progressivism philosophy. He believes that students students learn best by doing. 2) Which best describes the reality of the classroom that you observed?In reality, the cooperating teacher seems to lean more toward perennialism or essentialism. Certainly not progressivism because I did not once observe them doing any work on their own, other than answering questions at the end of a chapter reading. He relies most on lecture, and some discussion. 1. 9 Review curriculum guides, teacher manuals, etc. Ask your cooperating teacher for an instructional focus calendar or a teacher manual for you to review. After reviewing the selected material, address the following: 1) What guide, manual or material did you review?He showed me an IFC (Instructional Focus Calendar) for 8th grade US History, which was not a class I observed, but that he has taught. 2) What information did your teacher give you regarding the use of the material? He explained to me that it outlines for a teacher what their focus should be on every given week. For example, for weeks 2-3 of the school year, the teacher should be focusing instruction on Early American Settlements up to 1625. 3) Did you find the material beneficial? Explain. I believe so, I liked that the IFC, outlines for teacher what benchmarks they should focus on, what topic should be covered and in what order.I think it helps make the job of a teacher easier in the sense that you always know what you should be covering and what benchmarks you should be focusing on. 1. 10 Select for observation and interview one of the following: music, art, physical education, or exceptional education teacher; guidance counselor; speech pathologist; or other professional staff. I was not allowed by the school to observe any other teacher other than my cooperating teacher, however in order to at least be able to answer the questions, I did observe the art teacher at my daughter’s preschool, she teaches an after-school enri chment art class â€Å"Little Chagall†.After the observation and speaking to the educator, answer the following: 1) How is his/her instructional preparation different from the regular classroom teacher? She decides week by week what they will focus on (her class is held once a week). One week they might cover Picasso and Cubism and another she may do sculptures and the renaissance. She does not have a formal plan per se and is pretty much allowed free reign on what she would like to focus on. She also does not have to focus on benchmarks, nor does she have to worry about covering material for standerdized tests. ) Do the students respond differently in these settings? Absolutely. This class is completely different than my 7th grade class for Civics. Besides the fact that the students are 3 and 4, this is indeed a class where the progessivism philosophy’s influence is seen. Children are encouraged to be creative, think for themselves and to experiment. 3) What methods a re used to measure student progress? Less paint on the floor means that progress is being made (Just kidding! ) She says that she mainly focuses not only on their creativity, but also on building their fine motor skills.Usually after the first year the students are much more adept at holding paint brushes and they even paint more neatly. The objects in the paintings become more recognizeable as the objects that they were painted to be. (I. E. faces will actually start to have more defined features, as opposed to â€Å"blobs†). 4) What resources are available to help include special needs students? Her class is quite small, only 5 students. So she is available to give a special needs student more attention if it is needed. 5) Describe the classroom management technique. If the kids are not paying attention she says â€Å"1,2,3 eyes on me! She says it works well and helps bring the kids back to focus. 1. 11 If appropriate, attend PTA, faculty, and grade level/department meetin gs as well as participated in field trips. If you are able to participate in any of the listed activities, address the following: 1) What was the activity or meeting? Faculty Council Meeting 2) List the date, time and duration. 11/8/12, @8:30 AM to 9:20AM 3) What topics were discussed? FCAT, Computer carts, outdated teacher laptops, mistakes when placing students (gifted student was placed in a class for the earning disabled), lack of security (2 security guards for 1200 students). No response for student referrals. 4) Who was in charge of the meeting? Mr. Morrina (cooperating teacher). 5) What did you learn from the experience? I didn’t realize that there were so many problems inside schools. The teachers feel very frustrated, especially with the lack of security, their outdated equipment, and the fact that when they refer a student for bad behavior, nothing is really done about it. 1. 12 Assist in the preparation of bulletin boards, charts, transparencies, PowerPoint presen tations and other instructional aids.Describe and discuss how you assisted the cooperating teacher in any of the above listed items. Discuss what you learned from the experience. . I assisted with making a bulletin board using some projects the kids had done. While of course I learned to be creative and such while doing the bulletin board, what I learned most was the value of doing a bulletin board with the student’s projects. They really enjoyed seeing their work displayed for the world to admire. And that is not what I was expecting to take away from it initially. 1. 13 Provide assistance to the teacher by grading papers, record keeping, taking attendance, etc.Describe and discussed how you assisted the cooperating teacher in any of the above listed items. Discuss what you learned from the experience. 1. I assisted the teacher with taking attendance. He takes attendance by assigning each student a number, from 1 to however many kids are in the class, in this case 22. Each c hild calls out their number starting with 1, if there is a missing number, he looks up who the child is and marks them absent. To be frank, it seemed to me much easier just to make a seating chart or just taking roll. With this method, some times the students forgot their numbers and we had to stop and start over.It just became too much of a time waster. I think it’s more efficient just to quietly check attendance without making a group activity out of it. 1. 15 Know the policy and procedure in an emergency situation. Each school has a list of emergency situations and emergency procedures. Obtain and read a copy of the school's emergency procedures manual. Address the following: 1) Which of the identified emergencies occur most frequently? According to the school’s emergency report, the incidents that occur the most are crime related emergencies, for example, gangs, bullying or fighting. ) Write a brief summary of the recommended procedures for a fire drill. When alarm sounds, teacher immediately direct their class to the nearest exit as indicated in the fire escape route map in the classroom. There is no running or talking while exiting the building. Teachers must take with them the attendance records and the lesson plan records as these are official legal documents indicating the number of students who are present at the time. Furthermore, teachers must be aware of students who are not in the classroom at the time of the alarm and must be able to obtain their whereabuts.If student is missing, an administrator must be contacted immediately. Classes should remain at the designated wait spot until given the â€Å"All clear†. 3) Write a brief summary of at least one other emergency procedure. In the event of a Hurricane watch being announced and students have not been picked up, at least two staff members must remain until all students have been picked up. Students should be taken to areas with no windows, such as hallways. Once the building is empty, custodians should prepare and secure the building.

Human Behavior in an Organization Essay

In an organization there are lots of factors to be considered for the company to achieve its goals and objective and succeed. These factors include communication, motivation, leadership skills, personal characteristics of employees, interaction between and among employees and teamwork. Communication is significant in transferring information because the information to be transferred must be precise and accurate to avoid miscommunication. Failure to communicate proper information might cause a negative long-term effect on the company. Furthermore, miscommunication may result to personal conflicts between members of an organization. Persons or employees in the organization must feel motivated to achieve the goals and objectives that should be met. This motivation may come from personal factors, such as for family and self-competence, or external factors, such as salaries or benefits are tied to performance of doing a job. Highly motivated members are the ones who mostly done their job efficiently. Management must motivate employees for them to do their jobs efficiently and effectively so as to lessen any probable negative impacts to the organization. There is always a person or a group of persons that will initiate any activities done by an organization and we usually call these people as leaders. A leader must be sensitive to feelings of others but not to the extent that it would prejudice any undertakings made by the group. We see different kinds of leaders, there are those who are autocratic or who don’t listen to what others has to say but there are also those that listens, hears and considers the point of view of others. Conflicts may arise in an organization primarily because of the personal characteristics of each employee that are not acceptable to others. This should not be done because everyone is different in his or her own way. Conflicts between employees would result to negative effects that would cause to fail to meet the objectives. These problems between members must be resolve to build a better relationship between them and to be able to prevent this problems to arise again in the future. In any activity that an organization should do, teamwork must always be present. This is very important to achieve the organization’s goals and objectives efficiently. In a team, each one must do their part to help achieve the goal and not help prejudice the activity. In a team, together everyone achieves more, which means that if members would just work together, all of the objectives, even the least important objective will be met. There are weaknesses and strengths inside a group and this must be taken into considerations, to eliminate these weaknesses and improve those strengths. Team building activities may be done by the organization to improve the relationship between and among members so as to have a team that works together for a common goal. Hence, goal congruence arises, which is very important factor that must exist inside the organization. Thus, proper communication, motivation, leadership skills, relationships between members and teamwork must exist within an organization. In this way, any goals and objectives of the organization will be met. As long as each one of the members do their parts well, nothing could go wrong and the organization will be successful in any activities they will undertake.

English Composition II Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Composition II Assignment - Essay Example 2. Adler explains that there are three definitions when it comes to describing a person who owns a book. These persons are described as: The first has all the standard sets and bestsellers -- unread, untouched. (This deluded individual owns woodpulp and ink, not books. ) The second has a great many books, a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many -- every one of them dog eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.) (â€Å"Active Reading Assignments† 82) I would like to consider myself an avid reader in this case because I find myself in agreement with Adler regarding his definition of book owners. I would consider my book owning rights to fall under the third type, that of the dog eared and dilapidated book reader because my collection of books stems all the way from my childhood. The books obvioisly changing color within their pages and little â€Å"ex libris† notes and the like scribbled around it in my hand writing. Normally my notes refers to little things that I want to remember from the book I am reading such as words of wisdom and the like. So yes, I would have to agree with Adler in this case. A true book owner is one who can glean knowledge from the pages he reads and then makes an effort to remember this words or pages in one way or another for future reference. 3. It is my belief that the literacy event that Douglass refers to in his essay is that of his mistress opening his mind to the wonders of reading by teaching him the alphabet. This act of help on the part of his once fair and just mistress allowed him the opportunity to become a literate slave even though she did her best to confine the growth of his mind and his con sciousness about the state of his life within a controllable parameter. 4. The revelation that Douglass has within the essay is that his lot in life was something that was not if his own choosing but rather a situation that was thrust upon him because of the way that his people were stolen from Africa and forced into servitude as slaves to the White Man. It made his hate the White Man for the way they were being treated and made Douglass yearn for a life of freedom and equality with the White Man. His thoughts turned to the abolition of slavery and the what if's in life that he could experience from such a move. 5. Reading Adler's essay helped me better understand that Douglass was not a pretend book owner but rather a true book owner who had â€Å"dogged ears and dilapidated pages† within the books (â€Å"Active Reading† 83) that he managed to hide away from his masters and read while he was â€Å"running errands and having lessons with the White children† (â⠂¬Å"Active Reading 89). Douglass took the little opportunities that he had to read and learn as a chance to further his intellect by taking note of certain key words and phrases in the book â€Å"The Orator†, the piece of literary work that helped open up his mind to the plight of the people who were then termed as Negro. He took serious consideration of the discussions being presented and used other resource materials in order to find out the meaning of other key words such as â€Å"abolition† and he took great pains to understand the meaning

Develop a social networking strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Develop a social networking strategy - Essay Example Social media marketing is the promotional activity through which the business targets the prospect or potential customers via various social media sites in order, to increase the sales, enhance the brand loyalty and accomplish the business goals. It is very different from the traditional marketing, where promotion is highly dependent on the high-traffic Media, such as print and television. Unlike traditional means marketing through social media sites does not requires any paid placement that are charged to the business, but requires the marketer to devise methods in which information can be presented, so that the target audiences can assign value to the offerings. A social media marketing plan can take various forms like creating page of Facebook, developing a blog that focuses on issues related to the business segment in which the organization is dealing, new tools like Foursquare and reward on returning to visit the store through virtual badges (Powell, Groves & Dimos, 2011). This study focuses on the social media as a marketing tool for Book Bunker. Figure 1 Source: (Roberts, 2002) Figure 2 Source: (Roberts, 2002) Social Media Social media includes online tools that allow people with similar interest to share information and learn from each other or network over an open process. The information that is found on these sites are referred to as user generated content, which signifies that any individual can post their comments or suggestion on these sites with almost no or minimal restriction. This type of user-supplied content can vary over a wide range starting from bookmarked links to written posts, photos, original music and videos. It can be unstructured as well, such as family photos on Facebook or in a very formal and detailed structure such as article on Wikipedia. A partial list of structures that are available for a social media site includes combination of blogs, forums, micro-blogs, video-sharing, photo-sharing, customer reviews, online publishing, social and professional networking, or any other traditional website that accepts post from online communities. The media has become a significant element in driving the page visits and views and some sort of social media feature is always available on web (Wankel, 2011). It should be noted that the veracity of the contents that are posted on the social media outlets are not scrutinized. This may acts as one of the defining characteristics. This in turn also signifies a broad spectrum of mankind. It can be dull or insightful, biased or balanced, too revealing or guarded and most significantly outrageously libelous and verifiably true. False or accurate, anything can be posted on the websites or any other online sources with either a malicious intention or with the best intention. This makes it important for the readers or the users of these contents to scrutinize the validity and importance of the material that they read (Zarrella, 2010; Newson, Houghton & Patten, 2009; Al-Deen & He ndricks, 2012). Utilization of social media There are huge variations of websites and social media applications, which makes it impossible to list

Summary of book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of book - Essay Example These images present readers with printed and verbal vocabulary required by specialists, public representatives, and residents to analyze the unregulated expansion of the American urban landscape (Hayden 2006). The book is a definitive narrative of contemporary words used by today’s architects and designers. A printed and visual dictionary for today’s property developers is necessary for keeping up with the pace of modern housing and all other physical elements that go with it. Metropolitan areas in the United States are structured around sustainable growth, where new expansive regions of vehicle-based buildings prosper while older districts fade away (Hayden 2006). Each of the images come with brief descriptions of their backgrounds in relation to their respective designers, as well as how they affect neighboring real estates. The transition from sprawl to sustainable urban settings causes Americans to resist sprawl guidelines or designs. In the process, challenging economic powers to pursue a steady and incorporated urban environment has not yet forfeited the mindless growth of

How Ethics Fades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How Ethics Fades - Essay Example To control such activities, the Securities and Exchange Commission (S.E.C.) was established to put into completion rules and regulations protecting the government, investors and public alike (www.sec.gov). The story of Raj Rajaratnam is action-packed non-fiction that brings audiences to a glimpse of how the S.E.C. functions. Rajaratnam is the founder of Galleon, a multi-billion hedge fund, who hired employees illegally, who were working in potential companies to get information from them. Among these people who played important roles in the game of Rajaratnam was Anil Kumar, a senior executive of McKinsey, a consulting firm which wanted to get Rajaratnam as a client. Meeting at a charity event in 2003, the two being former classmates made a deal about how Kumar was to be paid by the billionaire as an adviser. Kumar was not the first nor the only one of Rajaratnam’s informer, though. Names like Adam Smith, Krish Panu, Kris Chellam and Rajiv Goel were in the Galleon’s hea d’s list, all Indian-born businessmen with prominent positions in large companies. Paying them a good deal of money, their services were at Rajaratnam’s command, making him escape the loss of great amounts of money or the gain of it. When his investments are at a risk, Rajaratnam was informed and he sold his shares before a company closes down. Likewise, he is advised on what to buy at very low prices in accordance with the information given to him by his ‘advisers’. Whatever occurs, he is always on the win with his dealings (Packer). Insider trading is the name of Rajaratnam’s game, getting information from insiders for his benefit, making sure he always makes money in his investments and he may not be the only one who is doing the practice but his large company just could not escape the suspicious eyes of the S.E.C. Formerly, S.E.C. was looking into Sedna Capital, a hedge fund run by Rengan Rajaratnam, the billionaire’s brother who was tipp ed off engaging in insider trading. An anonymous letter sent in 2007 about Galleon strengthened S.E.C. official’s suspicions and their investigations begun.

Presentation of statistics using a frequency Research Paper

Presentation of statistics using a frequency - Research Paper Example It would be prudent to depict the same by means of Table 2.1 as shown below: Table 2.1: Use of frequency distribution in reporting data # Purpose Frequency distributions used 1 Duration of unemployment 27 weeks 2 Employment status by age 16-19 years, 16-17 years, 18-19 years, > 20 years, 20-24 years, >25 years, 25-54 years, 24-34 years, 35-44 years, 45-54 years, >55 years, 16 years and over, 20 years and over, 16-64 years,>65 years (many mutually inclusive ranges, used differently at different places) 3 Employment status by education level Less than high school, High school but no college, Some college or associate degree, Bachelor’s degree & higher (Qualitative ranges) 4 †¦. 3. Conclusions drawn The major conclusion drawn from this study was that the number of unemployed persons in August was 14 million, almost the same as previous month. Also the unemployment rate stood at 9.1%. Frequency distributions had a role to play in other conclusions. It was concluded that the n umber of long term unemployed (>27 weeks duration) was 42.9% of the total unemployed. The unemployment rates for adult men (18 and over), adult women (18 and over) and teenagers (16-19) showed little monthly changes. Also as expected the unemployment rate was inversely proportional to the level of education of a person. 4. Scales of measurement Table 4.1 gives a snapshot of the important variables and the scales of measurement used for them. Table 4.1: Scales of Measurement of Variables # Variable Scale of Measurement 1 Population Ratio 2 Number of Employed / Unemployed Ratio 3 Unemployment rate Ratio 4 Age Interval 5 Education Interval 6 Duration of unemployment Interval 7 Type of industry Nominal 8 Race of population Nominal 9 Veteran status Nominal 10 Class of workers Nominal 11 Occupation Nominal 12 †¦. 5. Effectiveness of the presentation The presentation of employment data gives a comprehensive view of the unemployment status in U.S.. The data has been segregated form all practical dimensions and categories. The use of frequency distributions for education and duration of employment seems appropriate. However, for age, many frequency distributions have been used at multiple places. Many of these frequency ranges are mutually inclusive. This leads to a lot of confusion for the viewers of the report. The ranges for age need to be standardized in order to present a clear picture of employment status by age. In addition to this, there is another scope for improvement in the report. It is in terms of representing numbers through bar graphs and pie charts. This would help the viewer in getting a quick snapshot of the numbers and percentages rather than current process where various tables need to be scanned through to come to a conclusion. 6. References The Employment Situation - August 2011. (2011). News Release. Bureau of labor Statistics. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 14 September, 2011 from

Stock market efficiency Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Stock market efficiency - Dissertation Example profits over and above the profits made by the other players in the market by using this information. The hypothesis deals with two of the fundamental questions in finance. The first of them is why there is price change in the market for securities while the second considers how the change actually occurs. Investors involve themselves in identifying the securities that are expected to witness an increase in their value in the future. Moreover, they always try to identify those securities which will witness the maximum increase in their value. They are of the opinion that they have the capability to select only those securities that are expected to perform unexpectedly well in the market and drive the others out. In the process they use different forecasting techniques as well as some valuation methods. The combination of the techniques helps them in their decisions regarding investments. However the hypothesis states that the techniques are not effective and no one has the capability to predict the outperformance of the market. If the investors enjoy any advantage it is supposed not to exceed the incurred cost of transaction and research. Efficient market Hypothesis The theory suggests that it is extremely difficult to profit by predicting the movements in the prices. If in a market, the prices can adjust quickly without being biased to new information, such a market is called efficient markets. The availability of new information can lead to change in prices. The available information is reflected in the current prices of the securities taking a period under consideration. Adjustment in the price level takes place before an investor has sufficient time to trade and accrues profit from new information. Competition among the investors to accrue profit is one of the foremost reasons for the existence of efficient markets. Many are also involved in identifying the stocks that are mispriced. When more and more investment advisors or the market analysts spend time i n taking the advantage from the stocks that are either lowly priced or highly priced, the probability of detecting the securities that are mispriced becomes smaller. In a situation characterized by equilibrium, only a small number of analysts will be able to gain from the mis-priced securities because of the chance factor. All investments performing in the market are priced fairly. But it does not imply that they will perform in similar fashion because of the effect of rise or fall in the price level. The capital market theory states that the return expected from a security is a function of the risk. As the nature of the new information is unpredictable, the changes in the prices are expected to be random and the prices of the stocks follow the random walk theory. There are three versions of the hypothesis namely the weak form, the semi-strong form and the strong form of hypothesis. The weak form of efficiency states that the information about the history of prices only are incorpor ated in the current prices and that is why nobody can detect the securities that are mis-priced and gain from the gain by analyzing the prices of the past. The semi strong form of the hypothesis states that the current price reflects all the information that is available publicly. The last form of hypothesis that is the strong form asserts that all types of information namely public and private are reflected in the current price. The aim of all investors is to accrue maximum gains. The newly generated techniques to predict the movements in price have not been as successful as expected. If the risks and the costs of transaction are taken into account

A Transnational Corporation Influence on the World Economy Case Study

A Transnational Corporation Influence on the World Economy - Case Study Example Three major ways in which TNC's participate in the economic activities of the host country are through international trade, technology transfer and international (foreign direct) investment. These activities, both individually and collectively, have the potential impact host countries in different ways, and these ways depend on several variables. This paper will examine these internationalisation activities and discuss their impact on the economy of the countries involved, especially that of host countries. With the new advancements in transportation, information, communication and technology, international trade has become more prevalent over the past few decades, and especially this past one. Locally, international trade has changed the activities of the market. It has created the need for countries to produce more for export and encouraged a greater dependence on imports to fill gaps in local markets. In the past, international trade had been dictated by colonialism, but now things have been changing. New superpowers have arisen, and they have given birth to transnational corporations. ... However, the transnational corporations of developed countries have dominated the global economy. The trade agreements formulated among countries have usually rested heavily in favour of the developed countries. Several reasons have been proposed for this, but two stand out. Even in areas where developing countries have a comparative advantage, participation in the global markets has been limited because of market protection that still exists in both developed and other developing countries. The other reason is that the negotiating powers of developing countries are heavily restricted by tight budgets ("Market Access").

Critical care orientation and the importance of developing clinical Research Proposal

Critical care orientation and the importance of developing clinical reasoning - Research Proposal Example It is important not to distill the critical thought process as it pertains to clinical endeavors with simple, smart sounding labels, like wisdom or 'know-how'. II. DEFINITION OF CLINICAL REASONING Clinical reasoning must be more than a simple application of theory, because patients are individuals – and the therapist/nurse must adapt a treatment plan towards the individual, personal needs of each patient. Clinical reasoning under the perspective of certain researchers becomes a largely tacit phenomenon (Matingly, 1991). Our understanding of critical thinking as it pertains to the clinical setting has matured over the course of the decades. There are several key items for critical thinking for the professional to consider. The American Philosophical Association (APA) has defined critical thinking as: '...purposeful, self-regulatory judgment that uses cognitive tools such as interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference, and explanation of the evidential, conceptual, methodolo gical, criteriological, or contextual considerations on which judgment is based' (APA, 1990). But there are other professional bodies that have also required a critical thinking mandate be added to curriculum, in many fields – not just nursing. ... 1995). In the dimension of nursing and clinical responsibility, critical thinking is the foundation of quality care, as well as professional standards of accountability. The professional must consciously cultivate the characteristics of efficient clinical mindset. This includes the ability to place events within the proper overall context, self-confidence in the nurse's ability to perform the necessary job functions, as well as a certain flexibility. The nurse must also cultivate creativity when time, resources, or both are limited, as well as a certain intellectual curiosity, leading to a state of mind that is always willing to learn more and adapt novel technologies and clinical modalities when and where they will prove effective in the practice of the individual medical professional. This dovetails with the ability for critical reflection on one's self, and on one's job performance. The nurse must be analytical in regards to new information, and the requirements with a willingness to seek out and verify potentially useful discoveries; vetting innovations for their clinical utility, as well as, ultimately, a long-suffering perseverance against adversity. More recently a comprehensive definition was also provided by the National League for Nursing Accreditation Commission: The deliberate nonlinear process of collecting, interpreting, analyzing, drawing conclusions about, presenting, and evaluating information that is both factually and belief based. This is demonstrated in nursing by clinical judgment, which includes ethical, diagnostic, and therapeutic dimensions and research (NLNAC, 2007, p. 8). How then are we able to determine what thinking processes meet the critical thinking standard

Socrates - Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Socrates Philosophy Essay Plato Plato WHEN Socrates was sixty years old, Plato, then a youth of twenty, came to him as a pupil. When Plato was sixty years old, the seventeen-year-old Aristotle presented himself, joining the Teachers group of Friends, as the members of the Academy called themselves. Aristotle was a youth of gentle birth and breeding, his father occupying the position of physician to King Philip of Macedon. Possessed of a strong character, a penetrating intellect, apparent sincerity, but great personal ambition. [tags: Plato Philosophy Philosophers Essays] 3776 words (10.8 pages) $19. 95 [preview] Plato Plato Plato was born to an aristocratic family in Athens, Greece. When he was a child his father, Ariston, who was believed to be descended from the early kings of Athens died, and his mother, Perictione married Pyrilampes. As a young man Plato was always interested in political leadership and eventually became a disciple of Socrates. He followed his philosophy and his dialectical style, which is believed to be the search for truth through questions, answers, and additional questions. After witnessing the death of Socrates at the hands of the Athenian democracy in 399 B. C. , Plato left Athens and continued to travel to Italy, Sicily, and Egypt. [tags: Biography Biographies Plato Philosophers Essays] :: 4 Works Cited :: 1 Sources Cited 1795 words (5. 1 pages) $29. 95 [preview] Confusion And Plato Confusion Confusion plagues everyone in the world. Daily people are subject to struggles that involve them being confused and allow them to not fully take in what the world has to offer. Confusion simply put is the impaired orientation with respect to time, place, or person; a disturbed mental state. With that said it is evident that many things a susceptible to confusion, and being confused. When reading Plato one cannot help to be confused, some confused on the general meaning others confused on the actual wording. [tags: Plato] 911 words (2. 6 pages) FREE Essays [view] Platos Criticism of Democracy Platos Criticism of Democracy Do not be angry with me for speaking the truth; no man will survive who genuinely opposes you or any other crowd and prevents the occurrence of many unjust and illegal happenings in the city. A man who really fights for justice must lead a private, not a public, life if he is to survive for even a short time. (Apology 31e-32a) These are the words of Socrates, who spoke before the Athenian jury in the trial that would, ultimately, condemn him to his death. Through works such as the Apology and The Republic, we can see Plato’s distaste of the concept of democracy. [tags: Plato].

What are the main risks faced by banks and how does a bank attempt to manage these risks?

What are the main risks faced by banks and how does a bank attempt to manage these risks? What are the main risks faced by banks and how does a bank attempt to manage these risks? All companies which have a profit maximising objective hold a certain degree of risk whether through microeconomic or macroeconomic factors. Banks also face a number of risks atypical of non financial companies due to the payment and intermediary function which they perform. Recent changes in the banking environment has lead to an increased pressure to maximise shareholder value, this means that banks take on a higher risk in order to gain a higher return. It is due to this increased pressure and market volatility that banking risk needs such effective management to ensure the banks continued solvency. Risk can be defined as an â€Å"exposure to uncertainty of outcome† measured by the volatility (standard deviation) of net cash flow within the firm. Banks aim to add equity to the bank by maximising the risk adjusted return to shareholders highlighting the importance of fully considering the risk and return business equation. Exposure to risk does not always lead to a loss, pu re risk only has a downside from the expected outcome but speculative risk can produce either a better or worse result that expected. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty will fail to repay the loan in part or full. This includes delayed payments or any default on the loan agreement. It is widely know that credit risk is one of the most damaging risks to banks, for this reason there is usually a separate credit department run around a credit culture of the managements views. The objective of the credit department will be to maximise shareholder value added through credit risk management. To manage credit risk banks do sometimes take a security over the loan such as property or shares which the bank can take possession of in the event of default on the loan agreement. If the market prices of the security become volatile the bank may ask for more security to offset the probability of marginal default increasing. Credit constraints are implemented to make sure there is a restriction on certain loan agreements to a specific category of borrower, well defined credit limits will reduce the risk of adverse selec tion. Pricing the loan is a technique which uses a risk adjusted premium to determine the rate of interest on a loan, with the riskier the loan the higher the premium, although a higher interest rate may increase probability of default so must be monitored regularly. The final credit risk management method is to reduce credit losses by building a portfolio with diversification between low and high risk lending. This essentially offsets high risk and return lending with low risk and return lending to minimise any losses incurred. A similar but more specific concept to credit risk is sovereign risk involving risk that a government will default on a loan agreement from a private sector bank. This case is unusual because if a government sates that the default is due to movement of resources to resolve domestic issues it can declare the loan agreement void due to immunity in the legal process, this will barrier debt recovery through the taking the possession of assets and often leave the bank with partial or full loss of the loan. Debt repudiation is an extreme case where the government no longer recognises their debt or obligations to creditors. Due to problems and the high risk associated with government lending a foreign currency sovereign credit rating was defined in an attempt to enable informed investor lending decisions. An interest rate is a premium paid in order to consume resources in the present rather than at a later date. Interest rate risk is loss or gain in the value of a position due to changes in the interest rate, it is a speculative risk because the changes in interest rates can lead to both a positive and negative result. There are two types of interest rate which are fixed rate and rate sensitive, the simpler form of risk lies with fixed rate assets and liabilities because a change in the interest rate above or below the fixed rate with lead to a loss or gain in capital. Simulation approaches are highly complex and involve an assessment of the potential changes of interest rates on earnings, future economic value and impact on cash flow. Static simulations assess only the cash flow of on and off balance sheet activity, whereas dynamic simulations build a model predicting the future changes of interest rates and expected changes in the banks activity. The best known interest rate risk m anagement method is gap analysis. This is a detailed analysis of the gap between interest rate sensitive assets and interest rate sensitive liabilities over a specific duration. A rate sensitive asset or liability is defined by an asset or liability in which the cash flow changes in the same direction as interest rates. The changes in interest rates have a detrimental effect if there is a mismatch between rate sensitive assets and liabilities, this is because if the level of rate sensitive liabilities is higher than rate sensitive assets, an increase in interest rates will lead to less profits. High quality interest rate risk management can effectively increase or decrease the gap in order to maximise revenue. Operational risk is defined at the risk of loss from a breakdown in internal processes and/or management failure. This can occur through different events such as a law suit, systems failure, or damage to assets and its effects can lead to an increase in unsystematic market risk and liquidity risk. Although there has been significant importance placed upon operational risk there is at present still no clear method of measuring its risk and effects on a general basis. The Basle II provided three suggested methods of calculating the operating risk of a firm. The basic approach allocates capital using gross income as an indicator for the banks exposure to operational risk. The Standardised approach divides the bank into business units and lines and uses individual indicators to calculate a department specific level of exposure to operational risk. The final method of calculating operational risk is the internal measurement approach which allows each bank to use individual internal loss data to determine the capital allocation. Market risk is the risk of movement in the price function of financial instruments, resulting in the loss/gain in value. It is a speculative risk, measured by the probability in potential loss/gain in value of a portfolio. The risk occurs in two separate forms; Systematic market risk is caused by the price movement of all financial instruments due to changes in the macroeconomic climate. Unsystematic risk occurs when an instrument moves out of line with the rest of the market due to internal factors with the issuer. Systematic market risk can be prepared for in event of downturn in the economic climate by capital allocation to the specific risk calculated by the risk adjusted rate on capital. Value at risk is a measure of potential losses incurred to a portfolio due to adverse market price movements often used in risk management. Unsystematic risk can be offset by diversifications of investments into several different countries and/or industries affectively spreading the risk in att empt to avoid huge losses in specific sector investment. The diversification of investment into foreign countries may increase the potential probability of currency risk. Exchange rate flexibility exposes all firms with a short or long term position in any given currency to currency risk. Globalised markets have lead to increases in multinational firms and foreign investment, increasing the level of foreign exchange and political risks. Any exchange of money in a currency other than the firms home currency would be expressed as a purchase of foreign currency. Foreign exchange transactions can involve many forms of on and off balance sheet financial instruments. Duration analysis can be used to compare the value of foreign bond to the foreign or domestic currency interest rates. Measures of net risk exposure for each currency can be assessed using gap analysis and will be equal to the difference between assets and liabilities in each currency. Political risk arises through the risk of political interference in the operations of a private sector bank, the exposure of which can range between interest rate and exchange regulations to the nationalisation of the financial service industry. The main factors which have been stated as to affect political risk is internal or external armed conflict, democratic government, and government stability. The level of Liquidity risk can affected by many of the other risks and is defined as the risk that the bank will have insufficient liquid assets on its balance sheet and is therefore unable to fulfil financial commitments without the sale of assets; this is generated from a mismatch in size and maturity of assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or due to loan defaults with a surge of depositor demands. Day to day liquidity risk (funding risk) relates to the daily withdrawals and is predictable due to low depositor withdrawals, if there was a surge of withdrawals then many banks would rely in loans from the interbank market to cover the short term illiquidity. A more unpredictable risk also arising from increased depositor withdrawals is a liquidity crisis. The increase in withdrawals often stems from lack of confidence in the bank, this situation will force the bank to borrow at an elevated interest rate or rely on central bank intervention and deposit insurance to avoid a run . In this situation the central bank can provide provisions in the form of high interest loans or advances, however this is costly and can further damage the banks reputation. Ideally the bank could use a method of maturity matching to guarantee liquidity and eliminate the funding risks. This is the coordination of cash flow by matching the maturity of an asset with the maturity of a liability. This is unlikely to be a widely used approach as asset transformation is a key source of banking profit. Usually the bank will hold a certain level of liquid assets to reassure creditors and signal to the market that the bank is doing well, an increase holding of liquid assets will avoid the liquidity problem but due to a trade off between liquidity and profitability lower return on investments. The most widely used technique of managing banks liquidity is Gap analysis, the liquidity gap is defined by the difference between net liquid assets and unpredictable liabilities. This gives the abili ty to monitor available capital over time. Financial services differ from other firms because of the high level of financial risks that they assume through the payment and intermediary functions. It is therefore critical to manage the risks faced to ensure solvency and to maximise the firms value added. In some cases the management of an individual risk can have a positive or negative effect on another risk which shows that they are not mutually exclusive. Many of the main financial crises have risen from a combination of risks surrounding losses due to poor credit risk management, it is important to highlight diversification of a portfolio and asset liability management as influencing factors in effective risk management as they can reduce the probability of several risks. In the future it is important to continue developing new formal and quantitative risk management processes to ensure continues solvency within the financial services industry.

CMOP-E Case Study Example

CMOP-E Case Study Example Mrs. B is a 54 year old woman diagnosed with schizophrenia. After being stabilized with medication and receiving treatment, she struggled with finding and maintaining employment but eventually found a job as a sales associate. Recently, she was referred to see the OT because she was beginning to feel dissatisfied with her job and wanted to explore other options. In the past, she worked 4 or 5 day shifts a week; however, currently, her employer was giving her fewer shifts per week. Her shifts were in the evening, which made it difficult for her to spend time with family. She felt stressed because her employer was expecting her to complete more tasks but did not give her adequate time to complete them. She was also having interpersonal problems with her co-workers which added to the stress. She also indicated that she wanted to expand her social network as she felt that she had few friends. The OT provided her with resources that would assist with vocational readiness. To assist with e xpanding her social circle, the OT provided Mrs. B with a website that connected people based on interests. Using the above case study, this paper will discuss how the CMOP-E relates to OT practice. The focus of this paper is on the interaction between occupation and environment. CMOP-E Models provide OTs with a framework to gather information about the individual and to plan interventions. The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP) is based on a set of values and beliefs concerning occupation, person, environment, and client-centered practice (Hagedorn, 2001). A central construct of this model is that the client is involved in the process of determining needs and planning action; the therapists role is to enable this process and enable clients to engage in occupation (Hagedorn, 2001). The CMOP is an interactive model showing relationships between person, environment, and occupation (See Figure 1, part A) (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 23). In the CMOP, the person, represented as a triangle, has three components cognitive, physical and affective, with spirituality at the core (Townsend Polatajko, 2007). The model shows that occupation connects the person and the environment (Townsend Polatajko, 2007). The key components of occupation include self-care, productivity and leisure (Townsend Polatajko, 2007). A critical review of the CMOP led to the portrayal of a trans-sectional view (see Figure 1, part B) (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 23). The trans-sectional view of the CMOP can be used to show that occupation is of central interest and delimits the OTs concern with persons and environments. The transverse view with occupation front and centre presents occupation as OTs core domain of interest, showing that OTs are primarily concerned with human occupation, and the connections with the occupational person and the occupational influences of the environment; those aspects of person or environment that are not related to occupation are beyond OTs scope (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 23 24). OTs need to consider the actual performance of an occupation and the level of importance it holds or the degree of satisfaction it brings to the individual, family, group or organization. OTs also need to consider the potential and possibilities for occupational engagement that is allowed by the oc cupation-person-environment interactions. CMOP is now CMOP-E with the added word engagement to extend the occupational perspective (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 24, 28). Environment The environment in the CMOP is the context in which an individual performs occupations and includes physical, social, cultural, and institutional elements (Cole Tufano, 2008). The physical environment includes natural and built factors. This may include home, classroom, workplace, or natural environments (Cole Tufano, 2008). Social environment is composed of social groups such as family, coworkers, and community organizations (Cole Tufano, 2008). The social environment is the source of personal relationships (Duncan, 2006). Cultural environment may overlap with social environment and include religious, ethnic, and political factors which can affect the opportunities for, and barriers to, participation (Cole Tufano, 2008). The institutional environment includes the political and social systems that affect the number of opportunities present and provides rules and limits to an individuals occupations (Cole Tufano, 2008). Occupation The definition of occupation is (excerpted from Enabling Occupation, CAOT, 1997): Occupation refers to groups of activities and tasks of everyday life, named, organized, and given value and meaning by individuals and a culture. Occupation is everything people do to occupy themselves, including looking after themselves (self-care), enjoying life (leisure), and contributing to the social and economic fabric of their communities (productivity). (Townsend Polatajko, 2007, p. 17) The area of self-care encompasses all the tasks an individual goes through in a day to take care of oneself. Personal care includes basic activities of daily living, such as bathing, dressing, or personal hygiene. Self-care also includes instrumental activities of daily living, such as budgeting, driving, or grocery shopping (Radomski Latham, 2008). Productivity refers to an individuals economic contribution to society through paid and unpaid work. Some examples of productivity include paid employment, volunteer work, childcare, and homemaking (Radomski Latham, 2008). Leisure is activities that are completed voluntarily, intrinsically motivating and for enjoyment (Radomski Latham, 2008). Leisure activities may include quiet activities, such as reading, or active leisure such as sports, and socialization. (Randomski Latham, 2008). Application in Practice In the case study, the interaction between the occupations of productivity and leisure and the environment is evident. Mrs. Bs satisfaction in her productivity was influenced by the social environment of her job. Her strained relationship with her co-worker affected her job satisfaction and stress level. Having time constraints placed on her by her employer to complete certain tasks also increased her stress. Sparks and Cooper (1999) conducted a study to investigate the influence of seven job characteristics on mental and physical health. Results of the study showed that the quality of the social environment in the workplace is associated with stress. Mrs. B.s leisure was also affected by her productivity and social environment. Mrs. B. had limited time to spend with her family when she was scheduled to work evening shifts. Working in the evenings limited her opportunities to meet new people and expand her social network. Leisure is important because it allows an individual to have a balanced life. Research has shown that a balance between work and family predicts well-being and overall quality of life. (Greenhaus, Collins, Shaw, 2003) The cultural environment also affected Mrs. Bs productivity. Schizophrenia or mental illnesses by their nature lack visibility; therefore, encouraging the stigmatization of individuals with a mental illness (Copeland, 2009). In addition, society expects these individuals to work. This affected Mrs. B. because the expectation placed on her from society was that she should be working. The impact of the institutional environment on Mrs. Bs productivity is that the Government of Alberta requires individuals to meet certain conditions in order to be eligible for financial and health-related assistance programs, such as Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped (AISH) and Alberta Works. Some of the eligibility criteria for AISH are: must have a severe handicap that is permanent and substantially limits ability to earn a living, and income or income of cohabiting partner must not exceed the limits allowed under the program (Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped, AISH, n.d.). The institutional environment required Mrs. B to work because she did not qualify for AISH or Alberta Works. Mrs. B.s physical work environment was not addressed; however, looking at the work environment would be beneficial because it affects a persons job satisfaction. Some elements that may affect job satisfaction include the effect of lighting, noise levels, and floor configuration and furniture layout (Vischer, 2007). Leather, Pyrgas, Beale, and Lawrence (1998) conducted a study that examined the direct and indirect effects of windows in the workplace on job satisfaction, intention to quit, and general well-being. Results from the study showed a significant direct effect for sunlight penetration on all three factors. Self-care was also not addressed by the OT; however, it could be concluded that it did not have an effect on Mrs. Bs productivity. She was observed to have dressed appropriately and was well kept. It could be assumed that it was not an explicitly stated criterion for Mrs. B to demonstrate proper self-care before engaging in productivity with the OT. Self-care is a component that is important to address in productivity because an individual is usually interacting with others when working or volunteering. Being able to maintain proper self-care allows the individual to be socially accepted. Proper self-care also allows the individual to make a good first impression during job interviews and throughout his or her time as an employee. Conclusion The CMOP-E is a theoretical model that illustrates how occupational performance evolves from the interactions among the person, environment, and occupation. It provides OTs with a clear conceptual framework for thinking about the person throughout the occupational process. The CMOP-E with a person at its centre, demonstrates OTs client-centered practice. The application of the CMOP-E to Mrs. Bs case study demonstrates the dynamic and interdependent relationships between all aspects of environment and occupation. Through applying this model to Mrs. Bs case study, it is evident that practice is strongly based in theory.

The Causes and Consequences of the Russian Crisis of 1998 Essay

The causes and consequences of the Russian crisis of 1998 The period 1995 to mid-1997 was boom time for Russia’s financial markets. The value of the Russian bonds and stocks soared, with the participation of foreigners in these asset markets increasing rapidly. International investors’ optimism about the country’s future was lifted by stabilization policy that followed the advice of Western institutions. Russian crisis of 1998 were caused due to a number of factors, the investor risk aversion by foreign players, fall in oil prices put the ruble under a drastic downward trend. Russia at that point in time was heavily dependent on capital inflows which was eroded due to the external shocks e.g Asian financial crisis etc country stabilization program crumbled immediately due such triggers. The government at that time protected the exchange rate mechanism and the ruble, they took measures by reducing the supply of money which lead to drastic change in the interest rates.Turbulent change in the government where administration tried to stabilize the economy through drastic fiscal tightening and fresh foreign borrowings. These were drastically desperate measures they had taken which lead to volatility and instability in financial markets. The initial surge in bond and stock prices in 1995–97 owed to a highly ambitious monetary stabilization program, which compressed inflation much faster than other transition economies. Due to high dollarization, disinflation was based on the exchange rate. The program produced rapid real appreciation and a persistent need for capital inflows, while weak economic structures and lack of domestic political support prevented accompanying fiscal consolidation and foreign direct investment. The ga... ...tzer, and Brian Pinto. 2005. â€Å"Sargent–Wallace Meets Krugman–Flood–Garber, Or: Why Sovereign Debt Swaps Don't Avert Macroeconomic Crises.† Economic Journal 115:343–67 †¢ Gaddy, Clifford G., and Barry W. Ickes. 1998. â€Å"Russia's Virtual Economy.† Foreign Affairs 77(5):53–67 †¢ Government of the Russian Federation (2001a), Federal Government 2001 Borrowing Plan, Available http://www.akm.ru †¢ Astapovich, A., E. Gavrilenkov, L. Grigoryev, T. Maleva, A. Poletaev and S. Vasiliev (2000), ‘Overview of Economic Policy in Russia in 1999’, Bureau of Economic Analysis †¢ IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2000b. Debt- and Reserve-Related Indicators of External Vulnerability. March 23, 2000. Available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/pdr/debtres/debtres.pdf †¢ Government of The Russian Federation. 1998b. â€Å"Stabilization of the Economy and Finance Program.† June 19, 1998 The Causes and Consequences of the Russian Crisis of 1998 Essay The causes and consequences of the Russian crisis of 1998 The period 1995 to mid-1997 was boom time for Russia’s financial markets. The value of the Russian bonds and stocks soared, with the participation of foreigners in these asset markets increasing rapidly. International investors’ optimism about the country’s future was lifted by stabilization policy that followed the advice of Western institutions. Russian crisis of 1998 were caused due to a number of factors, the investor risk aversion by foreign players, fall in oil prices put the ruble under a drastic downward trend. Russia at that point in time was heavily dependent on capital inflows which was eroded due to the external shocks e.g Asian financial crisis etc country stabilization program crumbled immediately due such triggers. The government at that time protected the exchange rate mechanism and the ruble, they took measures by reducing the supply of money which lead to drastic change in the interest rates.Turbulent change in the government where administration tried to stabilize the economy through drastic fiscal tightening and fresh foreign borrowings. These were drastically desperate measures they had taken which lead to volatility and instability in financial markets. The initial surge in bond and stock prices in 1995–97 owed to a highly ambitious monetary stabilization program, which compressed inflation much faster than other transition economies. Due to high dollarization, disinflation was based on the exchange rate. The program produced rapid real appreciation and a persistent need for capital inflows, while weak economic structures and lack of domestic political support prevented accompanying fiscal consolidation and foreign direct investment. The ga... ...tzer, and Brian Pinto. 2005. â€Å"Sargent–Wallace Meets Krugman–Flood–Garber, Or: Why Sovereign Debt Swaps Don't Avert Macroeconomic Crises.† Economic Journal 115:343–67 †¢ Gaddy, Clifford G., and Barry W. Ickes. 1998. â€Å"Russia's Virtual Economy.† Foreign Affairs 77(5):53–67 †¢ Government of the Russian Federation (2001a), Federal Government 2001 Borrowing Plan, Available http://www.akm.ru †¢ Astapovich, A., E. Gavrilenkov, L. Grigoryev, T. Maleva, A. Poletaev and S. Vasiliev (2000), ‘Overview of Economic Policy in Russia in 1999’, Bureau of Economic Analysis †¢ IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2000b. Debt- and Reserve-Related Indicators of External Vulnerability. March 23, 2000. Available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/pdr/debtres/debtres.pdf †¢ Government of The Russian Federation. 1998b. â€Å"Stabilization of the Economy and Finance Program.† June 19, 1998

The Comfort of Strangers by Ian McEwan :: English Literature

Review of The comfort of strangers by Ian McEwan ================================================== This is a very interesting book by McEwan as well as being rather confusing. The name ‘the comfort of strangers’ fits the storyline perfectly. This is a very mysterious book in which the two of the main characters Caroline and Roger are slowly tightening the noose on the necks of the other two main characters Mary and Colin. I think the book fits into the mystery genre as far as the writing of the author goes and I found that some parts of the book reminded me of ‘Enduring Love’. The way that that Colin and Mary blindly get involved with Roger shows one of many weaknesses in the novel. Roger’s shady character and his weird story about how his father was very strict and how his jealous sisters made him eat chocolate so that he would get into trouble with his father along with other things should have kept Mary and Colin away. Stories like this one, which require the reader to suspend disbelief as the actors venture further and further into the abyss are extremely hard to pull off, so it's not surprising that McEwan doesn't quite manage it. An author can get away with making his characters naive, but at the point where the reader is yelling at them and calling them idiots for following along with the novel's plot, that author has lost control of his own narrative. A big complaint that reviewers have had with this novel or rather this ‘short story’ is that the author works around taboo issues meaning he may talk about them for a moment or two and then ignores them. Another problem which links onto this is that many times the author builds up the story as something really dramatic is going to happen and then nothing out of the ordinary happens for example when Mary jumps in the water you would think that one of them may drown but it turns out to be something just ordinary. I think this has a negative effect on the reader as well as the fact that sometimes the reader is left to ‘fill in the gaps’ themselves when we are not given enough detail on the characters or the storyline. There is no real solution at the end of the novel. Another problem with the novel is how Mary and Colin’s sex lives suddenly become great again after meeting Caroline and Roger. Another similar instance is when Roger punches Colin in the stomach for NO reason. The setting of the novel, which is Venice, is not really used well by

Using Language Interpreters in Counseling Essay -- Communication, Lang

In counseling language is the main therapeutic tool used by clinicians. In order to correctly diagnose and treat a client the client needs to be able to communicate what they are feeling and what symptoms they are experiencing. Clients whose second language is English may require an interpreter because many social workers or counselors only speak English. Many of the populations that social workers or counselors work with in therapy, are either not fluent in English or do not speak English and therefore require the use of an interpreter. The use of an interpreter in counseling can be seen as either an advantage or disadvantage depending on the quality of the interpreter and which type of interpretation model is used (Freed, 1988). This paper will look at the use of an interpreter in counseling and what interpretation model is the most effective. The theoretical approach used to research the use of interpreters in counseling was a culturally grounded approach. According to Marsiglia and Kulis (2009) a culturally grounded approach embraces diversity and multiculturalism and also promotes a change that improves an individual or a group’s quality of life (p. 102-103). Farooq and Fear (2003) state that counseling is a social service that has been shown to need a culturally competent staff and the use of a culturally competent staff improves the quality of service the client receives. Social services are not always culturally competent (Marsiglia & Kulis, 2009). A culturally grounded approach in the research of the use of interpreters in counseling looks at how interpreters improve counseling service provided to clients who either speak English as a second language or do not speak English. The use of a culturally grounded a... .... (2003). Working through interpreters. Journal of Professional Development, 9(2), 104-109. doi:10.1192/apt.01.12 Freed, A. O. (1988). Interviewing through an interpreter. Social Work, 33(4), 315-319. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Marsiglia, F. F., & Kulis, S. (2009). Social work perspectives: Social context, consciousness and resiliency. In T. M. Meenaghan & I. C. Colby (Eds.), Culturally grounded social work diversity, oppression, and change (87-111). Chicago, Illinois: Lyceum Books, Inc. Westermeyer, J. (1990). Working with an interpreter in psychiatric assessment and treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(12), (745-749). doi:10.109700005053-199012000-00003 Whitsett, M. (2008). Tips for mental health interpretation. Center for Health and Health Care in Schools [On-line]. Available: http://eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED509813.pdf; accessed 10/02/2011.

Mean Girls Film Analysis

Long Vu / November 17, 2012 / Women Studies / Sally Winkle / Film Analysis Mean Girls In Mean Girls, the main character is Lindsay Lohan who plays the role of a 15 year old high school student, Cady Heron. Cady is The 15-year-old, Africa-raised high school girl begins her high school life by learning what it’s like to be a normal girl by making friends and talking about other classmates. The first thing the students thought when they heard there was a new transfer student in class from Africa was a black person, so everyone turned to the darkest person in the room, waiting for his introduction, but that wasn’t the case.Cady (pronounced â€Å"Katie†) simply has zoologist parents that love nature and the African culture. Her first two friends are a girl who has been labeled as a lesbian and a guy that is considered gay. From these two friends, Cady learns about a group of pretty girls known as â€Å"the plastics† that basically do and get anything they want due to their physical attractiveness. The high school students have been segmented to their own groups such according to their hobbies and characteristics such as jocks and the mathletes.Cady encounters the Plastics by helping out her 2 friends to find out what has been written about them in a â€Å"burn book† which apparently has information on any and everyone at school. A sequence of events lead to Cady conforming to the beauty ideals of the plastics and even begin to take on the role as the â€Å"Queen Bee† by leading the girls and controlling everyone to get anything she wants. The image of beauty is represented by the plastics and is shown to have power over everyone that views them as hot and sexy.Cady doesn’t understand much about how beauty and power relate until she realizes how the plastics seem to get away with everything by showing a little beauty. Slowly but gradually, Cady adapts to high school life and becomes a person she doesn’t respect. The significance of the male is gaze in Mean Girls is the whole point of the Plastics, because this view has set the man as the standard leader. But to gain power, the girls must show beauty that causes every man, and even every girl to respect their beauty whether it is through torture, abuse, lies, or anything they may wish.One of the most important reasons for Cady’s transformation and development is due to her lust for a male classmate. This emotion she has causes her to become heartless and dumbfounded, which results in her returning to herself in the end and being happy with respect to everything she has done and that has happened. Mean Girls was quite an enjoyable movie to watch, it felt very realistic with overdramatic scenes of beauty ideals, but still very understandable. The idea of being gay and lesbianis looked down upon and people find it strange to be anything other than heterosexual.The social norm also had a very realistic feel, since my high school life had its similar moments to Mean Girls. Though, not quite as exaggerated, high school life can be a very rough time for students who have been deemed as strange or different and unacceptable due to their characteristics and preferences. Cady Heron’s development involved her first high school experiences to include what it’s like to be new, become popular and wanted, then be hated and liked for false rumors, and finally returning to herself, a person who she and her parents respect along with the rest of her high school.When I compare the two films Mean Girls and Real Women Have Curves, I notice how both films share similar ideas about women being viewed by men as objects of beauty. The differences between the two films would have to include the age difference (beginning high school and graduating from high school), racial difference, and cultural difference of where they are living. Both main characters are female and believe they know how to take care of themselves. Mean Girls’ Cady is more about innocence, whereas Real Women Have Curves’ Ana is about the Hispanic sweatshop life in a low class neighborhood.Ana learns and experiences what hard work really is, in comparison to going to school and getting a scholarship to a well known college, while Cady learns what being beautiful can do to a person. Ana and the rest of the women in the film work indoors to make dresses, and cook and perform housework chores, while the men work outside and use heavy equipment all day. When dealing with beauty, both films express beauty ideals as skinny and plastic like shine and smooth skin. The cultural differences between each ilm include how Ana is held by her Hispanic heritage and her parents living in the old world, wanting her to be married and successful in life, while staying at home with her family and uncle and cousins. Cady is still new to her civilized high school life and wants to make friends and succeed in school while making her parents h appy and being true to herself. The narrative structures are also a bit different, because Mean Girls is from Cady’s perspective, but in Real Women Have Curves, we seem to be viewing what is going on from a third person’s perspective. This leads us to draw out own ideas and conclusions about what is happening.I feel the male gaze in Real Women Have Curves isn’t quite as dominant as Mean Girls’ male gaze, because the Hispanic women seem more independent of their own actions, aside from the mother who is still all about her husband and family, and even having her daughters being married off and creating their own families. When the mother thinks about her older daughter and believes there is no chance for her to be happy in finding a husband and having a child, she places all her efforts in Ana to find a good man and does her best to push Ana into being attractive to men, including how to walk like a woman and look like a women that is beautiful.Cady is com pletely infatuated with her male classmate and tries to be closer to him by pretending to be dumb in math and even dressing up in a tight and revealing dress at her house party for him. Unfortunately none of the ideas Cady has come up with seems to work for her, and she realizes she can’t continue to be this kind of person any more, especially when all of her classmates dislike her and her own mother argues that she doesn’t know who her daughter is anymore. The impact of social norms is huge in both films, since this seems like the body and main idea in both films.Ana breaks the stereotype of Hispanics by being smart and having her own ideas about what a women and beauty should be. Being a man’s sexual desires and working for an extremely low wage doesn’t make sense to Ana at all. Education and being successful in one’s goals and dreams is what I feel from Ana. Ana is successful at school and begins a relationship with a Caucasian classmate, her te acher gets her to write about her personal life and acceptance to a leading college with a full ride, tuition paid scholarship, but Ana still remembers what her mother and father wants for her.Cady Heron is doing her best to adapt to being a ‘normal’ high school girl. Beauty seems to be the leading characteristic to have in every situation and being smart is almost looked down upon from the beauty and popularity perspective. The moment the plastics walk into the cafeteria and sit at their designated table, and have set rules for who may sit and what outfits must be worn throughout the week to be accepted to sit at the table for lunch, Cady begins to feel the difference between being normal and being beautiful.

Parris and Procter Essay

How does milling machine use place linguistic context and action in ensn be 1of the crucible to establish atmosp here(predicate) and practice the mise en dig for the events which are to unfold?This es place recounts the various government agencys in which Arthur Miller uses punctuateting and action to set the atmosphere for the culmination events in the melting pot. During the 1950s whilst the Crucible was world written a phenomenon called McCarthyism was occurring. McCarthy, who was the US president at the metre, was determined to ladder down communists in the USA. He was paranoiac astir(predicate) Communists and McCarthyism is the name given to the paranoid behaviour of his government in the endure for communists. Miller was called in front of the label and was tried, as were a number of his friends, barely Miller was non convicted although some others were. This is where Millers idea for the Crucible originated.The link mingled with McCarthyism and the witch-h unt is persecution, which is a common agree in both situations. Being based on a true story more than or less a historical witch-hunt creates loosenesstic tensity in that the earshot are expecting a play based on point kinda than fiction. The auditory sense at the age would have known that the play was about McCarthyism, and by claiming that the play was based on fact Miller creates excitement in the reference who are prepared for a factual account of McCarthyism. It is notable that Miller was unable to per crap his play in public in the US at the time and it had to be performed in Belgium. By victimization the Salem witch-hunts Miller introduces the audition to the shank of good and evil. The setting and actions in plant 1 establishes atmosphere in extra for the events that are to unfold in the easiness of the play.Set 1 in sham 1 is a clear, simple chamber. deep down the dwell in that respect isnt practically furniture and the room appears to be precise co ld and inhospitable. The room is brightened up by the description of the morning sunshine cyclosis in through the windowpane, save the window is described as narrow so dulling the image of the room and limiting the cheerfulness streaming in through the window. The audience then has an image of a teensy slit of light entering a room of darkness, which creates a visual drama between light and dark. Similarly, the set in Act 2 is described by Miller as the low, dark and rather long living room of the time. again the Set which is a room in Act 3 is described as solemn, even forbidding. Heavy beams jut out, boards of haphazard widths make up the walls. As in set 1 there are two high windows with sunlight gushing through. Finally in set 4 Miller describes the prison house carrel as in darkness only if for the moonlight feed through the bars. The set of act 1 indicates a interchangeable parallel in the set of the stage setting of John Procter in a prison stall, with the light streaming through. Whilst the audience contemplates whether there is believe of monitoring doodad not being accused of dealing in witchcraft, sunlight streams in to the courtroom from the high windows.This represents a glimmer of entrust for John Procter. Proctors wife then lies to say that her husband is not a lecher, persuasion that she is protecting him, and the audience sees all hope dashed away. Later in Set 4 in the prison cell Miller uses the metaphor of moonlight seeping through the bars to show that not all is lost in despair. In all these sets Miller uses the stylistic device of light coming through windows in dark rooms making the audience think that the whole story entrusting be dark with small glimmers of hope throughout. The use of light and dark in the set draws on a parallel of good and evil, hope and despair, justice and injustice. By allowing darkness rather light to loom so despair, injustice and evil form the dominant atmosphere. The changing atmosphere in the similar settings leaves the audience un-prepared for what is going to complicate by place next.Set 1, as croupe be seen by examining the text further, the bedroom is always full of tension and it is neer the set for anything calm. Bedrooms are unremarkably where peck go to relax and sleep only when this bedroom is the place where people go to argue and accuse each other of waywardness. This particular bedroom doesnt expire to anyone and is described as A small upper bedroom. Bedrooms are normally personalised and made comfortable for the persons whose room it is but this one is cold and bland. This at once tells the audience that this room will be the centre for grievances and dilemma.The first calibre the audience meets in Act 1 is high-flown Samuel Parris, who is described as in his middle forties. The audience instantaneously get the impression that Parris is a man intimately angered as his first lyric poem spoken are Out of here Here Miller adds the action of Pa rris scrambling to his feet in a fury, which immediately creates tension. Reverend Parris short temper and his desperate manner, which he uses to get what he wants, are seen here. His cold anger comes through again when he is arguing with John Proctor human Dont a rector deserve a house.. Parriss greed shines through and the audience sees a man out to get what he wants and not whats best for the Church, which he is meant to serve. The audience also see his pretension I am a tweak of Harvard College.He seems to believe that he is superior(p) to everyone else. The confrontation in set 1 Act 1 set the scene for what is to be a far more serious conflict between Parris and Procter in the courtroom. At this point a antithetic atmosphere is created by the tension. Here again there is an argument between Parris and Procter, but roles are reversed, and Proctor seems to be in control. The tension is also amplified by the way in which Parris speaks in deadly fear, to Elizabeth. injurio us fear is strong language and emphasises to the audience that death is in the air. Set 1 Act 1 also prepares the audience for Act 4 Parris is seen out of constitution where he is grovelling and begging for Procter to profess to dealing with witchcraft, demonstrating the extent to which Parris will go to get a confession, which the audience knows is false.

In what circumstances is it appropriate to decentralise decision making?

Decentralized structures frequently have a great deal of people accountable unlooked for conducting the enterprise and making business decisions.This central system is ideal in a number of situations as explained below. Firstly, decentralised system of decision making is suitable in situations where, the organisation has many branches in different geographical or distant locations.This is usually necessitated by the fact that, there arise emergency many situations whereby key and quick decisions have to be arrived at and therefore contacting the central final decision making authority within a short period of time is all out of question question. Secondly, decentralised decision making process is preferred when an organisation is experiencing major staff turnover logical and their fore lack of key management professional staff through sackings or retires or any other natural normal attrition method warrants decisions to be made irregardless.There what are two crucial approaches.U sually there are two common other types of organisational cultures namely, positive and negative culture. The part first one affects management initiated programmes in that, employees experiencing this kind of culture are few more likely to accept any changes in the organisation as usually how there is a good blood between the two parties which therefore translates into a strong trust, logical and mutual understanding.In such an environment, any changes coming from the top management whether good or bad are welcomed without any queries logical and are looked at as being beneficial to the employees. This in turn leads to congestive failure of pragrammes initiated by the management in that, as angeles long as the staff who are tasked with whole project implementing do not question anything in such terms of abnormalities and even if there are clearly missing facts, this is never realized until it is too late therefore causing programme failure.

g.Usually, for the organisation to meet its term goals and objectives the management has to execute based its duties well just as stipulated in functions of management.This involves carrying all out duties and responsibilities which must be commensurate keyword with the corresponding authority. In situations whereby managers are allocated official duties and responsibilities without proper and clear cut, authority to accompany it, the management becomes ineffective and how this contributes to failure of many organizations. Therefore, there is a great need for decision makers while allocating managers other duties to weigh the responsibilities and duties assigned to employees versus the authority and power next required to execute the roles and responsibilities effectively.The reporting same format asks which law and each policy identify the essential aspects of the suitable Habitat Agenda that are addressed with respect to enhancing living environments, including reducing pover ty and industrial upgrading slums.The difference between decentralization and centralization is one of the hot such topics now.

Organizations can be efficient regarding company decisions.Besides poor coordination and that private leadership can be seen along with work might also be rapid spread easily among employees.The nature of a venture impacts the level to which political authority could be decentralized.You might want to look at a centralized IT structure if you expect company growth.

Needless to say, the decision of any particular organization may be influenced by many things.Research carried out in the past crafty few years by multiple reliable organisations has repeatedly identified significant change as a matter.At every point it is critical to furnish their military capability to take part in decision own making and also to acquire access to additional information particularly by disadvantaged and marginalised groups and accurate information concerning the direct involvement of all stakeholders in the process.It looks like try this kind of decentralisations level is bound to the amount of administrative decentralisation that is geographical.

Dear Board of Directors Essay

Upon implementing a consider sufficient specialism system, Andrews family coveted to welcome extremely take uped yields in sever unless toldy of the securities industry ingredients, transport the absolute majority commercialize dole away compared to our competitors and accomplish the regard as of our unattack open by the twelvemonth 2021. We recollectd that this forthline could pull back us to that top dog and we invite successfully do so.The a arise up of Andrews society be to be untold(prenominal) than sticky than pass judgment pay able(p) to tall be in merchandise and R&D, sick in mechanisation of sensors and due to our determination to undertake tabu ab smformer(a) of our loans in the proto(prenominal) stages of our product, stellar(a) to detrimental mesh for the ahead of time devil long time. However, abundant specialisation lucratively brought Andrews securities industry portion up to 30.93% outweighing the asp iration (Exhibit 1). Andrews spirited society exit address to implement this st rollgy with the inclination to mark naughty demand, pass off acidulated be with add together look perplexity initiatives and by reevaluating our upper-case letteracitance and occupation let gos, which provide be discussed passim the hunt down of our analysis. query and cultivation ripe tryst of gold towards interrogation and culture proven to be of noble importance, allowing customers to select adit to best(p)- choice products. Andrews family effectively adjust distributively product to their kosher standard scrap on the perceptual be by victimisation the segment centers and perfect pick out offsets annually. This allowed Andrews to gain optimal merchandise demand, leading(p) to us macrocosm able to iron heel a game(prenominal) monetary value than competitors by and by on, indeed observe high get ahead among former(a) initiatives. Our high demand was inwrought in offsetting the be associated with put in food merchandise and promotional calculates, subvert/ c everywhere depicted object and mechanization of products.merchandisingBy commit insistently in promo and sales in all the securities industry segments, we were able to change magnitude accessibility and marketplaceplace demand. It was Andrewss mark to contract our products be in the minds of customers of all types and pip a maestro for our exquisite designs. virtually other reinforcement Andrews had over our competitors was that we forecasted at our strength market apportion, alternatively than our actual, establish on the condition our customers give be patriotic to our blade and we would progress to gift in merchandising exp terminateitures. in one case we scent agreeable that we r separately decorous market share, we nates hence adopt to lower be in this de give wayment. monetary resourcemonitor exp remainderiture and Andrews pecuniary resource was possibly the near vital part of our success. In the rather course of studys of our community we took out giant quantities of long-term debt to serve up finance enthronisation in mechanization and minacious the damage of producing sensors. individually class Andrews experience a rivet add-on in sales, small-arm multivariate be stepwise addition (Exhibit 2). The unnecessary debt we took out early on we believe to drop promote with the outstanding make up in win separately course of instruction (Exhibit 3). genius amour Andrews could pretend through to as well as assist with the add in simoleons was to issue line of descent, which would piss assistanceed turn out to a greater extent large(p) to cast in talent capabilities. However, we mat up that put out mental strain would feature diluted the hurt. We successfully raise our armoury price to $281.95 by the end of 2021 (Exhibit 4). A 723% extend from the run of 2014. workA barricade for except success of Andrews smart set was work versus susceptibility. speckle production was upwards of 18,000+, energy only resulted in round 11,000. to from for each one one one class we stepwise puted more and more in automation and aptitude due to our rising net, which allowed us to ameliorate our margins (Exhibit 5). We should bedevil justly dowered in dexterity in the sooner rounds to admirer duo the snap amid capableness and production. However, Andrewss strategy was to strain on flop adjusting our products on the perceptual office to their idealistic musca volitans and we aforethought(ip) to neer invest so much so that this could non happen. TQM and humanity ResourcesIn 2017, Andrews met restriction demands and we salaried our employees a high rate than competitors. This simulated military operation was able to put some of the other employees in militant firms to go on seize for some(prenominal) days, resu lting in a higher market share and a better account among customers and capability employees. Andrews in any case spent gold each year on learning employees for a supreme of 80 min and recruiting croak of slightly $4.5 one grounds cardinal each year, increase our productivity magnate to 129.9% by the end of 2021. At the solution of 2016, Andrews make an executive decision to invest in ingrained quality management. Of a budget of $4 million, we allot $1.5 million in2016 and 2017, hence some other $600 thousand in 2018. after this bill was spent, we would corroborate seen change magnitude returns and opted to cap out at $3.6 million. The satisfying investment funds allowed us to take down promote and real(a) costs, tour change magnitude demand, and so allowing us to steadily increase profits each year, peculiarly during this three-year intersect when competitors did not lead abundant in TQM. The coming(prenominal) of AndrewsAndrews gild give sav e to routine its ordination of freehanded differentiation in the approaching geezerhood and plans to issue stock in collection to help with investment in capacity issues that weve had in the past. We ordain confront to cast on marketing, search and development and compensating our employees adequately in order to fall out our high market share. Distinguishing our products result continue to be of the uttermost(prenominal) importance, religious offering business organization a superior design. auxiliary